=105=: 8. =Cucusus.= In Caucasus, east of the Black Sea and north of Persia. =108=: 19. =Troas.= In Northwest Asia Minor. Troad contains ancient Troy. =105= to =110=. =The letters of Chrysostom.= The charm of his genius, the sweetness of his temper under suffering, and the unselfishness of his lofty soul appear in these simple lines written on the road or in the desert of his banishment. THE TARTAR AND THE TURK =Introductory Note.= These sketches of Turkish history form the substance of lectures delivered in Liverpool, 1853. Special interest attached to them at the time, as England was about to undertake the defense of the Turks against Russia in the Crimean War. Selections from only three are here possible. =111=: 7. =The Tartars.= Fierce, restless tribes originally inhabiting Manchuria and Mongolia. =112=: 31. (_a_) =Attila.= (_b_) =Zingis.= (_a_) Leader of the Huns, who overran Southern Europe in the fifth century. He was defeated by Aëtius at Chalons, 451, and miraculously turned from Rome by Pope Leo the Great. (_b_) Zenghis Khan, a powerful Mongol chief whose hordes descended upon Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century. =114=: 21. =Timour.= Known as Tamerlane, founder of a Mongol empire in Central Asia; victor over Bajazet at Angora, 1402 A.D. =116=: 20. =Heraclius.= Emperor of Greece in the seventh century; noted for his rescue of the true Cross from the Persians, with whom he waged long wars. =116=: 26. =That book.= The Koran or bible of the Mahometans. It is a mixture of Judaism, Nestorianism, and Mahomet's own so-called "revelations." =120=: 10. =Monotheism ... mediation.= Belief in one God, but denial of the Redemption of fallen man by Jesus Christ, the God-Man. =120=: 26. =Durbar.= A levee held by a dignitary in British India; also the room of reception. THE TURK AND THE SARACEN =Saracens.= Eastern Mahometans that crossed into Turkey, Northern Africa, and Spain. The Moors are a type. =122=: 14. =Sogdiana.= Northeast of the river Oxus; included in modern Bokhara. =123=: 6. =White Huns.= Ancient people living near the Oxus; called _white_ from their greater degree of civilization. =125=: 23. =Damascus.= In Asiatic Turkey; thought to be the oldest city in the world. =126=: 1. =Harun al Raschid.= Caliph of Bagdad; contemporaneous with Charlemagne in the eighth century. =127=: 28. =Ended its career.= The power of the European Turks, virtually broken at Lepanto, 1571, has continued to decline, so that were it not for the jealousy of the Powers, Turkey would long since have been dismembered. =129=: 24. =Khorasan.= North central province of Persia. =133=: 25. (_a_) =Seljuk.= (_b_) =Othman.= (_a_) Grandfather of Togrul Beg, who founded a powerful dynasty in Central Asia. (_b_) Third successor of Mahomet; caliph in 644; noted for his extensive conquests and for having given his name to the Ottomans. =135=: 20. =Greek Emperor.= Romanus Diogenes, defeated in 1071 A.D. THE PAST AND PRESENT OF THE OTTOMANS