if we view man as the necessary product of the evolution of organic nature. We may well believe that when the sudden advance from the ape structure to that of man was made, under the conditions above proposed, the great increase in the size of the brain and the change in the position of the foramen magnum were accompanied by an alteration in the order of development, not only of the different parts of the brain, but also of the internal apparatus as pointed out by M. Pruner Bey. But the advance having once taken place, the human type can no more be lost; and although the approach to the simian type which appears in the abnormal microcephalic brain evidences the intimate connection between man and the ape, yet it furnishes no disproof of derivation, one from the other, by the agency of internal evolutional impulse. In conclusion, I would again refer to the fact, so strongly insisted on by M. Broca, that the truth of the theory of evolution is not dependent on that of the hypothesis of natural selection. The great defect of “natural selection” as an agent in organic evolution, is that it cannot do more than perpetuate certain structural peculiarities, the appearance of which it is powerless to explain. The hypothesis is properly defined as “natural selection among spontaneous variations;” and it is the appearance of these variations which constitutes the most important part of the problem. They can be explained only on the assumption of “an internal tendency to deviate from the parental type;” and granting that this tendency results from a necessary evolution of nature viewed as an organic whole, there is no difficulty in accounting for all the facts dwelt on by Mr. Darwin without supposing the derivation of man from the ape by simple descent, although not without identifying the universe with Deity, and viewing its various manifestations as His organs. FOOTNOTES: [364] “The Descent of Man,” vol. i., p. 10, _et seq._ [365] “L’Ordre des Primates,” p. 173 (1870). [366] _Ibid._, p. 168. [367] _Ibid._, p. 173. [368] _Op. cit._, vol. i., p. 48. [369] _Ibid._, p. 63. [370] _Ibid._, p. 70, _et seq._ [371] _Ibid._, p. 105. [372] _Ibid._, p. 56. [373] “Generelle Morphologie der Organismen,” vol. ii., p. 430 (1866). [374] _Op. cit._, vol. i., p. 145. [375] “Natural Selection,” p. 343 (1870). [376] _Op. cit._, vol. i., p. 56. [377] Darwin, _op. cit._, vol. i., p. 141. [378] See Owen’s “Anatomy of the Vertebrates,” vol. iii., p. 186. [379] _Op. cit._, vol. ii., p. 376. [380] The “Academy,” No. 20, p. 183 (1871). [381] “Revue des Cours Scientifiques,” 30th July, 1870, p. 558. [382] “Descent of Man,” vol. i., p. 152. [383] “First Principles,” 2nd edition, p. 447, n. [384] “Principles of Biology,” vol. i., p. 430. [385] “Lay Sermons,” p. 326. [386] “Principles of Biology,” vol. i., p. 446. [387] _Op. cit._, vol. iii., p. 808. [388] “First Principles,” 2nd edition, p. 489. [389] _Ibid._, p. 500.