[11] Dr. Fernand Castelain, in his work, “La Circoncision est-elle utile?” comes to the conclusion (p. 14) that it is both hygienic and moral. The value of circumcision may be admitted, without ascribing its origin to a sanitary motive. [12] Herodotus, “Euterpe,” sec. 104. [13] De Coulanges, “La Cité antique,” 6th ed., pp. 36, 100. [14] M. Elie Reclus, in a remarkable paper presented in 1879 to the Anthropological Institute, affirms (p. 16, _et seq._) that circumcision is derived from the custom of emasculation practised on captives, which is equivalent to death, and that it is a substitute for human sacrifices. He admits, however (p. 32), that, among the Semites at least, circumcision was a “consecration of the sexual organ to a Phallic divinity.” [15] “Ante-Nicene Christian Library,” vol. iv. (Clement of Alexandria), p. 27. [16] The Hebrew word _bara_ translated “created” can be used in a different sense. [17] “Jashar,” by Dr. Donaldson, 2nd ed. (1860), p. 45, _et seq._ [18] Smith’s “Dictionary of the Bible”—Art., “Apple-tree.” Inman’s “Ancient Faiths,” vol. i., p. 274. [19] “Zambesi and its Tribes,” p. 188. [20] “Missionary Travels in South Africa,” p. 495. [21] “Journey to Ashango Land,” p. 295. [22] “River Zaire,” p. 181. [23] “Travels through Central Africa,” p. 394, 407. [24] “Travels,” vol. ii., p. 391; and vol. iii., p. 665. [25] Journal of R. Geog. Society, vol. xvi., p. 240. [26] “The Malayan Archipelago,” vol. i., p. 158. [27] Wilkinson, vol. iv., p. 260, 313. [28] Tennent’s “Ceylon,” vol. ii., p. 520. [29] M. Littré sees in the two trees of Genesis only the soma, which was introduced into the Brahmanical Sacrifices, which, with the Iranians, was transformed into _two_ mystic trees.—_La Philosophie Positive_, 3rd vol., p. 341, _et seq._ [30] _Op. cit._, vol. ii., p. 448. [31] Gen., xxxv. 4. [32] Ezek., vi. 13. [33] “Celtic Researches,” p. 446. [34] “Aryan Mythology,” vol. i., p. 274_n._ [35] Ditto, vol. ii., p. 19. [36] See Grimm’s “Teutonic Mythology,” p. 571, _et seq._ [37] Cox, _op. cit._, vol. i., p. 274_n._ [38] According to Gen., ii. 23, the name isha (woman) was bestowed by Adam on the first woman, because she was taken out of man (_Ish_)—terms which were used in reference to man and wife. This is shewn by the subsequent reference to marriage (v. 24). See Smith’s “Dictionary of the Bible”—Art. “Marriage.” [39] “Ancient Egyptians,” vol. iv., p. 313. [40] Ditto, p. 313. [41] Dulaure’s “Histoire abregée de differens Cultes,” vol. ii., p. 169. [42] See Guigniaut’s “Religions de l’Antiquité” (1825), vol. i., p. 149. [43] See on this, Inman, _op. cit._, vol. ii., p. 462. [44] The Hindu legend expressly mentions the fig. See _infrà_. [45] _Op. cit._, vol. i., p. 108, 527. In the East the pomegranate symbolises the full womb. [46] See Bunsen’s “Egypt,” vol. iv., p. 225, 255, 288. [47] “History of Herodotus,” vol. i., p. 600.