The transverse joint must be designed empirically as the stresses in it are indeterminate. The common form of joint for pipes less than 48 inches in diameter is a single-riveted lap joint, and for larger pipes or for pipes exposed to unusual stresses, a double riveted lap joint is used. The same size rivets are used as in the longitudinal joint. The maximum permissible distance between rivets should be used in the transverse joint. TABLE 41 PROPERTIES OF RIVETED JOINTS (Chicago Bridge and Iron Works) ──────────────────────┬─────────┬────────┬────────┬──────────┬───────── Type of Joint │Thickness│Diameter│ Pitch, │Efficiency│Thickness │ Plate, │ of │ Inches │of Joint, │ Butt │ Inch │ Rivet, │ │ Per Cent │ Plate, │ │ Inch │ │ │ Inches ──────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼───────── Single-riveted lap │ ¼ │ ⅝ │ 1.88 │ 49 │ │ ¼ │ ¾ │ 2.25 │ 50 │ │ 5/16 │ ⅞ │ 2.63 │ 50 │ ──────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼───────── Double riveted lap │ ¼ │ ⅝ │ 2.50 │ 70 │ │ 5/16 │ ¾ │ 3.00 │ 71 │ │ ⅜ │ ⅞ │ 3.40 │ 71 │ ──────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼───────── Triple riveted lap │ ¼ │ ½ │ 2.39 │ 74 │ │ 5/16 │ ⅝ │ 2.96 │ 74 │ │ ⅜ │ ¾ │ 3.53 │ 75 │ │ 7/16 │ ⅞ │ 4.09 │ 76 │ ──────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼───────── Quadruple riveted lap │ ⅜ │ ⅝ │ 3.20 │ 77 │ │ 7/16 │ ¾ │ 3.90 │ 78 │ ──────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼───────── Double riveted butt │ ½ │ ⅞ │ 3.62 │ 72 │ ⅜ │ 9/16 │ ⅞ │ 3.62 │ 72 │ ⅜ │ ⅝ │ ⅞ │ 3.62 │ 72 │ ⅜ │ 11/16 │ ⅞ │ 3.62 │ 72 │ 7/16 │ ¾ │ 1 │ 4.12 │ 73 │ 7/16 │ ⅞ │ 1 │ 3.82 │ 71 │ ½ │ 1 │ 1 │ 3.48 │ 68 │ 9/16 ──────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼───────── Triple riveted butt │ ⅝ │ ⅞ │ 4.94 │ 80 │ ½ │ ¾ │ 1 │ 5.62 │ 80 │ 9/16 │ ⅞ │ 1 │ 5.16 │ 78 │ 9/16 │ 1 │ 1 │ 4.66 │ 76 │ 9/16 ──────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┼──────────┼─────────