The _chi no wa_ is subsequently flung into the water. Another means of purification was to shake a _gohei_ over the person or thing to be purified. The virtue of set forms of speech in absolving from uncleanness is fully recognized in Shinto, as will be seen in the next chapter. There were various forms of purification at various places for consecrating a new shrine, or new utensils for it, or for reconsecrating a place which had become unclean. [Illustration] [Illustration] FOOTNOTES: [193] See Index, _Ohoharahi_. [194] I quote here, not from any religious document, but from a poem of the _Manyōshiu_, a solitary instance of a religious stigma being attached to lying: "If, while not loving, I said that I loved thee, The God who dwells In the grove of Uneda in Matori Will take note of it." [195] Ch. K. 291. [196] See above, p. 129. [197] Quoted by Dr. Florenz in _T.A.S.J._, xxvii. p. 56. [198] See Index, _s.v._ [199] In ancient Egypt, which presents numerous analogies with Japan, interference with the irrigation channels was deemed an offence against the deity. [200] Compare Leviticus xviii. 17. [201] Leviticus xii. 1; xv. 19. [202] See above, p. 113. The _couvade_ was unknown. [203] Compare Leviticus xiii. 2; Numbers xix. 11. See also above, p. 93. [204] Numbers v. 2. [205] Compare Leviticus xxi. 17 _et seqq_. [206] Ch. K. 230. [207] Deuteronomy xvii. 11. See Index, 'Magic.' [208] Ch. K., p. 104. See also Ch. K., p. 211, and _Nihongi_, i. 205. [209] See a paper on the Japanese _gohei_ in the _Journal_ of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xxxi., 1901. Also a note in _Man_, October, 1892. [210] See Grimm's 'Teutonic Mythology,' ii. 603, Stallybrass's translation. [211] See Dr. Tylor's 'Primitive Culture,' ii. 434. [212] "Sprinkle the water of expiation on them ... and let them wash their clothes."--Numbers vii. 7. [213] The "earth-fast" stones of our own folk-lore. [214] Griffis, 'Mikado's Empire,' p. 470. [215] We have a good illustration of the transition from the physical to the metaphorical use of spitting in Revelation iii. 16: "Because thou art lukewarm and neither hot nor cold, I will spew thee out of my mouth." [216] II. 96. [217] Hirata says that in books on magic _ibukite harafu_ (clearing away by puffing) is a means adopted by men naturally, without teaching, for cleansing away evil influences. See also Darwin's 'Expression of the Emotions', pp. 258, 261. [218] Dr. Florenz, in _T. A. S. J._, December, 1899. CHAPTER XII. CEREMONIAL. Ceremonies are combinations for some specific purpose of the elements of worship described in the two preceding chapters.[219] The _Yengishiki_ is the chief authority for the following account of some of the more important ceremonies of Shinto. I have also availed myself freely of the results of Sir E. Satow's researches contained in vols. vii. and ix. of the _T. A. S. J._