=caravel=—A ship commonly in use in the “age of discovery”; that is, during the 15th Century. Columbus’s _Santa Maria_ was one of these. For illustration see frontispiece. =careen=—The operation of tilting a ship over to one side or the other by means of tackle led from her masts to points at some distance from her side. =cargo liner=—A freight ship that sails on schedule dates over a given route, as passenger liners do. =carrick bend=—A knot. For illustration see page 193. =carvel=—A method of small boat-building in which the board coverings present a smooth surface. =catamaran=—A boat made up of two parallel and equal hulls held together by a framework. =catboat=—A small sailing boat with one mast and a single sail which is generally similar in shape to the mainsail of a sloop. For illustration see page 203. =centreboard=—A movable sheet of metal or wood sometimes used by small sailboats. It extends through the keel and presents a large surface to the water and tends to eliminate lateral motion while the boat is under sail. A kind of folding keel. =chart=—A map of the sea and coast projections for use by navigators. Features of the bottom are also shown for shallow water. =chronometer=—An accurate timepiece generally registering the time at Greenwich, England. Navigators require this instrument in working out their longitude. =clinker=—A method of small boat-building in which the covering planks overlap as weatherboarding does on the side of a house. =clipper=—A fast sailing ship suddenly developed in the first half of the 19th Century. Generally, but not necessarily, the clippers were full-rigged ships. They were popular for about fifty years. For illustration see page 63. =cockpit=—See WELL. =collier=—A vessel employed in the coal trade. =companionway=—The entrance to a ladder or flight of stairs leading from one deck to the one below. =compass=—A magnetized instrument which points approximately in the direction of the Magnetic Pole and from which directions can be learned. =corvette=—A small warship of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. =crossjack= (pronounced “cro-jak”)—The square sail sometimes hung from the lowest yard on the mizzenmast of a full-rigged ship. It is not commonly used. =crosstrees=—The arms extending laterally near the head of a mast at right angles to the length of the vessel and to the extremities of which the topmast shrouds are stretched for the purpose of giving support to the topmast. =cruiser=—A large, fast, and lightly armoured ship of war. The expression is also used in yachting, meaning a boat meant for cruising. =cutter=—A sailing boat with one mast carrying staysail, jib, fore and aft mainsail, and sometimes a topsail. Other sails are also sometimes added. In various navies the expression is used to denote a large heavy rowboat propelled by as many as ten oars.