A summary of the more important animal suborbital and orbital flights during the period 1957 to 1964 is presented in table VII. In another NASA-supported flight, _NERV_ 1, various experiments were carried in a suborbital flight of 20 minutes. _Neurospora_ molds showed a surprisingly high level of mutation, but the control molds also had high rates. The Discoverer XVII and XVIII flights, to which the Air Force contributed, resulted in many interesting findings relative to the responses of living systems to space flight. On the Discoverer XVII flight, samples of human gamma globulin and rabbit antiserum specific for human gamma globulin showed an increase in reactivity, and samples of synovial and conjunctival cells showed no changes in their cytological characteristics. Discoverer XVIII was launched during a massive solar flare which lasted for the first 13 hours of the 48-orbit, 3-day flight. _Neurospora conidia_, nerve tissue, algae, human bone marrow, eyelid tissue, gamma globulin, and cancer cells were put in orbit. The results indicated that biological specimens may be able to withstand radiation from solar flares with a minimum of shielding and that aluminum shielding may be better than lead. In 1949, the U.S.S.R. began a systematic, uninterrupted research program in biological space experimentation. They have studied the effects of physical stress, immune reactions, psychobiology and behavior, genetics, and responses to environmental factors such as spacecraft dynamics and ambient radiation. The organisms and biological materials included tobacco mosaic and influenza viruses; T2 and T4 bacteriophage; _Bacillus aerogenes_; lysogenic bacteria; _Clostridium butyricum_; _Escherichia coli_; actinomycetes; yeasts; _Chlorella pyrenoidosa_; seeds of fir, pine, onion, corn, lettuce, wheat, cabbage, carrot, buckwheat, cucumber, beet, _Euonymus_, fennel, mustard, pea, broad bean, tomato, and nutmeg; _Tradescantia paludosa_; _Ascaris_ eggs; snail spawn; _Drosophila melanogaster_; loach roe; frog eggs and sperm; guinea pigs; mice; rats; hamsters; rabbits; dogs; monkeys; human and rabbit skin; HeLa tissue cultures and other tissues (refs. [ref.167] and [ref.168]). Table VII.—_Orbital and Suborbital Animal Flights for 1957-64_