1960 Dogs _Belka_ and 16 Earth orbits (24 hours) via _Strelka_, 21 Sputnik V. First successful recovery black and 21 white of living creature from orbital mice flight. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1960 Dogs _Pchelka_ and 16 Earth orbits (24 hours). _Mushka_ Spacecraft destroyed during reentry. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1961 1 dog, mice, 1 Earth orbit at an apogee of 155 guinea pigs, and miles and a perigee of 114 miles. frogs Recovered. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1961 Dog _Laetzpochka_ 1 Earth orbit. Recovered. ---------------------------------------------------------------- France ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1961 Rat _Hector_ 95-mile attitude in a capsule boosted by a Veronique rocket. Recovered. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1963 Cat Felicette 95-mile altitude in a capsule boosted by a Veronique rocket. Over 5 min of weightlessness. Recovered. ---------------------------------------------------------------- THE NASA BIOSATELLITE PROGRAM³ ³ From [ref.169]. The space environment offers a unique opportunity to study the basic properties of living Earth organisms with new tools and opens up new areas of research for which biological theory fails to provide adequate predictions. Unique components of the space environment of biological importance are weightlessness or greatly decreased gravity, the imposition of an environment disconnected from Earth’s 24-hour rotation (particularly its effect on biorhythms), and cosmic radiation with energies and particle sizes unmatched by anything produced artificially on Earth ([ref.169]).