Astronomer. Son of Sir Frederick W. Herschel. His first great work was his Catalogue of Double and Triple Stars; later on he catalogued the nebulæ, and made researches in Sound and Light. He discovered the solvent effects of hyposulphite of soda on silver salts--the basis of photographic processes. Created a Baronet in 1838, Master of the Mint 1850-55. For many years he was among the most prominent of English scientists.] For this result England had to pay down four and twenty thousand lives and add forty-one millions to her National Debt; but she learned in addition to take vigilant precaution against the enervating influence of prolonged peace. To this may be added the bracing moral effect which follows on the supreme and disciplined exercise of a nation's power. [Illustration: _Sir Oswald Brierly, R.W.S._} {_In the Royal Collection._ ACTION AT FATSHAN, CHINA, June 1, 1857. The Chinese fleet of about ninety junks was completely destroyed in two severe engagements, in which the Chinese fought their guns with unexampled constancy. Owing to the shallowness of the water the British attacked in small boats.] CHAPTER X. 1857-1858. The Lorcha _Arrow_--War with China--Defeat of the Government--Dissolution of Parliament--Palmerston returns to Office--Startling News from India--Mutiny at Meerut--The Chupatties--Loyalty of the Sikhs--Lord Canning's Presence of Mind--Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer--The Rising at Cawnpore--Nana Sahib's Treachery--The Massacre--Siege of Delhi--The Relief of Lucknow--Death of Havelock--Sir Hugh Rose's Campaign--The Ranee of Jhansi--Capture and Execution of Tantia Topee--End of the East India Company's Rule--Marriage of the Princess Royal. It is well that the next chapter in British warfare is a short one, for it is one which Britons can peruse with little pride. It is prefaced by a paragraph in the Queen's Speech at the opening of Parliament on February 3, 1857: "Acts of violence, insults to the British flag, and infraction of treaty rights, committed by the local Chinese authorities at Canton, and a pertinacious refusal of redress, have rendered it necessary for Her Majesty's officers in China to have recourse to measures of force to obtain satisfaction." [Illustration: _T. Phillips, R.A._} {_From the "Life of Dr. Arnold," by permission of Mr. Murray._ THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D., 1795-1842. Appointed Head Master of Rugby School in 1827, he infused a new tone and spirit into English Public School Education. He was the first to introduce modern languages, modern history, and mathematics into the regular school course.] [Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._ HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE ROBES OF THE ORDER OF THE GARTER. Painted in 1859.] [Sidenote: The Lorcha "Arrow."] [Sidenote: War with China.]