_Mekke djügeri_ (Turkish wheat) never grows higher than a small span's length. Two kinds of it are found, one with a yellowish, the other with a red, small grain. It is never dried, and always either eaten in its milky state or used as fodder. _Tari_ (groats) is an important article of consumption in Central Asia, and is therefore much grown. There are several sorts. Besides the well-known kinds of pulse, such as peas (burtshak), beans (lubie), lentils (jasmuk), &c., there are several others which we do not know; as for instance, the _konak_, which has smaller but thicker seeds, and a lower shrub than our lentil; _mash_, rather larger than millet, of a brownish colour, and several others, which are of no interest to the general reader. Of oil-plants, I must mention first of all the _kündshi_ sesame, which thrives very well, and provides the Khanats amply with oil for cooking and burning. Then there is the _zigir_, a plant similar to millet, which bears on one stalk several fruits, which are like apples, and the yellow seeds in which are not bigger than poppy-seeds. This oil is fit in food, especially in pastry. Then the _djigit_, the seeds of the cotton-capsule, the oil of which, however, is not fit for food. _Kender_ (hemp), of which an inferior sort of linen is made, and which also furnishes the very popular narcotic, called beng. Lastly, indau, a small shrub, from the greenish seeds of which a bitter oil, and of a disagreeable smell, is made, which is used as a medicine for animals, and especially for camels. Among the plants, which produce dye-drugs, the following are most esteemed:--_ruyan_ or _boyak_, an excellent species of madder, which thrives in all three Khanats, and is exported in considerable quantities to Russia. In the year 1835 this article was very little in request, and in the year 1860 as many as 24,523 Russian pud (883,000 English pounds) were imported.[25] _Isbarak_ or _barak_, whose small yellow flowers, when dried and powdered, give a fine yellow colour. _Görtchük_, a plant resembling clover, with small red flowers; the leaves, when boiled, give a fine black colour. _Buzgundjh_, a plant with a fruit similar to gall-nuts, only grows in southern Maymene, and in the Badkhiz mountains, north of Herat, and is said to produce the finest red colour; it fetches a high price in the place itself. [25] Mitchell. "The Russians in Central Asia," p. 462.