commission found him guilty of manslaughter, and the commission gave him the lightest sentence--one year in a penitentiary. His early friendship for my father perhaps caused me to find grounds on which to favor his acquittal. Counsel were allowed in all cases; generally Philip Williams, Esq., an old and distinguished lawyer of Winchester, represented the accused, and Captain Zebulon Baird, Judge-Advocate on Milroy's staff (an able Indiana lawyer), appeared for the prosecution. ( 1) For special mention of the officers of this regiment, see Appendix B. ( 2) _War Records_, vol. xxi., p. 1054. ( 3) Ex. xxi., 6; Deut. xv., 17. ( 4) My father, Joseph Keifer, was born at Sharpsburg, February 28, 1784. SLAVERY AND FOUR YEARS OF WAR A POLITICAL HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES TOGETHER WITH A NARRATIVE OF THE CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR IN WHICH THE AUTHOR TOOK PART: 1861-1865 BY JOSEPH WARREN KEIFER BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL OF VOLUNTEERS; EX-SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, U. S. A.; AND MAJOR-GENERAL OF VOLUNTEERS, SPANISH WAR. ILLUSTRATED VOLUME II. 1863-1865 G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press 1900 Copyright, 1900 BY JOSEPH WARREN KEIFER The Knickerbocker Press, New York CONTENTS CHAPTER I General Observations on Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville --Battles at Winchester under General Milroy--His Defeat and Retreat to Harper's Ferry--With Incidents CHAPTER II Invasion of Pennsylvania--Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg--Lee's Retreat Across the Potomac, and Losses on Both Sides CHAPTER III New York Riots, 1863--Pursuit of Lee's Army to the Rappahannock--Action of Wapping Heights, and Skirmishes--Western Troops Sent to New York to Enforce the Draft--Their Return--Incidents, etc. CHAPTER IV Advance of Lee's Army, October, 1863, and Retreat of the Army of the Potomac to Centreville--Battle of Bristoe Station--Advance of the Union Army, November, 1863--Assault and Capture of Rappahannock Station, and Forcing the Fords--Affair Near Brandy Station, and Retreat of Confederate Army Behind the Rapidan--Incidents, etc. CHAPTER V Mine Run Campaign and Battle of Orange Grove, November, 1863--Winter Cantonment (1863-4) of Army of the Potomac at Culpeper Court-House, and its Reorganization--Grant Assigned to Command the Union Armies, and Preparation for Aggressive War CHAPTER VI Plans of Campaigns, Union and Confederate--Campaign and Battle of the Wilderness, May, 1864--Author Wounded, and Personal Matters-- Movements of the Army to the James River, with Mention of Battles of Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and Other Engagements, and Statement of Losses and Captures CHAPTER VII Campaign South of James River and Petersburg--Hunter's Raid--Battle of Monocacy--Early's Advance on Washington (1864)--Sheridan's Movements in Shenandoah Valley, and Other Events