C. L. JONES, _Readings on Parties and Elections_, pp. 212-250; A. N. HOLCOMBE, _State Government in the United States_, pp. 143-164; K. H. PORTER, _A History of Suffrage in the United States_, pp. 20-46 and _passim_; W. W. WILLOUGHBY and LINDSAY ROGERS, _Introduction to the Problem of Government_, pp. 107-126 (Popular Government). Group Problems 1. =The direct primary: is it a success?= Earlier methods of nomination. Evils of the caucus and convention. Why the direct primary was established. The different types of primary. Effect of the primary on the party system. Has it curbed the power of the bosses? Cost of the primary system. Percentage of votes polled at primaries. Has the primary secured better candidates? Can it be improved? Probable effects of the pre-primary informal convention. If not the primary, what then? =References=: C. E. MERRIAM, _Primary Elections_, pp. 117-132; 133-176; F. W. DALLINGER, _Nominations for Elective Office in the United States_, pp. 95-126; R. S. BOOTS, _The Direct Primary in New Jersey_, _passim_; F. A. CLEVELAND, _Organized Democracy_, pp. 228-242; A. N. HOLCOMBE, _State Government in the United States_, pp. 182-204; C. G. HAINES and BERTHA HAINES, _Principles and Problems of Government_, pp. 137-150; C. L. JONES, _Readings on Parties and Elections_, pp. 53-79; P. O. RAY, _Political Parties and Practical Politics_, pp. 140-164; A. B. HALL, _Popular Government_, pp. 45-97. 2. =How can the ballot be improved?= =References=: E. C. EVANS, _History of the Australian Ballot in the United States_, pp. 17-47; R. S. CHILDS, _Short Ballot Principles_, _passim_; F. A. CLEVELAND, _Organized Democracy_, pp. 262-272; C. A. BEARD, _American Government and Politics_, pp. 474-487; P. S. REINSCH, _Readings on American Federal Government_, pp. 364-383; C. G. HAINES and BERTHA HAINES, _Principles and Problems of Government_, pp. 151-166; A. B. HALL, _Popular Government_, pp. 242-269; _Cyclopedia of American Government_, Vol. I, pp. 100-104. 3. =Proportional representation in theory and in practice.= =References=: J. R. COMMONS, _Proportional Representation_, pp. 99-131; W. W. WILLOUGHBY and LINDSAY ROGERS, _Introduction to the Problem of Government_, pp. 263-275 (also Appendix iii); Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, 1917-1918, _Bulletins_, No. 28 (Proportional Representation); American Proportional Representation League, _Pamphlets_, especially Nos. 6 and 8. (The headquarters of the League are at Haverford, Pa., and material relating to proportional representation can be had on application.) Short Studies 1. =The gradual extension of the suffrage in the United States.= F. A. CLEVELAND, _Organized Democracy_, pp. 130-150. 2. =Who have the right to vote in European countries?= F. A. OGG, _The Governments of Europe_ (see index). 3. =Qualifications for voting in the different states.= _World Almanac_, 1918.