=4. The national party conventions.= C. A. BEARD, _American Government and Politics_, pp. 166-172; P. S. REINSCH, _Readings on American Federal Government_, pp. 826-845; P. ORMAN RAY, _Political Parties_, pp. 145-167; J. A. WOODBURN, _Political Parties_, pp. 165-214; F. W. DALLINGER, _Nominations for Elective Office_, pp. 74-92; C. L. JONES, _Readings on Parties and Elections_, pp. 80-105; T. H. MCKEE, _National Conventions and Platforms_, _passim_; E. B. STANWOOD, _History of the Presidency_, _passim_. =5. The platforms of the various parties in 1920: an analysis and comparison.= _World Almanac_ (1921). Also the _Campaign Text Books_ issued by the party organizations. Short Studies 1. =Campaign methods.= P. O. RAY, _Political Parties_, pp. 255-267. 2. =Party loyalty and political independence.= J. A. WOODBURN, _Political Parties_, pp. 295-303. 3. =The Progressive Party: its history and platform.= S. J. DUNCAN-CLARK, _The Progressive Movement_, _passim_. 4. =Tammany Hall.= GUSTAVUS MYERS, _History of Tammany Hall_, pp. 267-298; _Encyclopedia Americana_, Vol. XXVI, pp. 235-237. 5. =The boss as a personality.= M. OSTROGORSKI, _Democracy and Political Parties_, pp. 250-263. 6. =The Tweed Ring.= J. F. RHODES, _History of the United States_, Vol. VI, pp. 392-411. 7. =How the machine works.= THEODORE ROOSEVELT, _Autobiography_, pp. 61-101; 144-184; 185-222. 8. =The nationalizing influence of parties.= HENRY J. FORD, _Rise and Growth of American Politics_, pp. 150-161. 9. =Municipal political parties.= M. R. MALTBIE, in _Proceedings_, National Municipal League, VI, pp. 226_ff._ 10. =The reform of party organization.= F. A. CLEVELAND, _Organized Democracy_, pp. 228-261. Questions 1. Can you improve the definition of a political party given in this chapter? 2. Among the various functions of political parties which do you consider the most important, and why? 3. Why do political parties refrain at times from making their platform pledges more definite? What new proposal would you like to see inserted in a party platform? 4. Account for the fact that constitutional questions played a more important part in American politics prior to 1860 than since that date. 5. Give brief sketches of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, and Whig parties and their work before the Civil War. 6. Explain why the “mortality rate” among “third parties” has been so high. Account for the fact that some of these parties have survived a considerable period of time while others have not. 7. Make an outline showing the type of party organization used in your own state. 8. Prepare a list of things for which money can be legally expended by political parties during an election campaign. 9. If you were a voter, to which political party would you belong? Give your reasons.