See the diagram which faces p. 198. Footnote 77: The plan originated in Sumter, N. C., but the first large city to adopt it was Dayton, Ohio, about ten years ago. In the autumn of 1921 Cleveland adopted a city-manager charter which will go into effect in January, 1924. Footnote 78: For an example of the way in which the city’s administrative work is divided, see the diagram facing this page. Footnote 79: Some cities have established a central purchasing office which buys all supplies of every sort, thus securing a concentration of the work. A considerable saving is made in this way. But in most cities each department still does its own buying. Footnote 80: More than a hundred and twenty-five years ago, when it was decided to build the nation’s capital on the shores of the Potomac, President Washington sent to France for Major L’Enfant, an engineer who had served in the American army during the Revolution, and entrusted to him the task of laying out the new city. L’Enfant took great pains to provide for wide streets; he designated the location of the important public buildings (such as the Capitol and the White House) and left plenty of open spaces in his plan. Footnote 81: In Washington, thanks to L’Enfant’s sagacious planning, the streets occupy about one-half the entire area. Footnote 82: This plan also renders it easy to find one’s way about, and this is particularly true when the streets are known by numbers rather than by names. Footnote 83: See the illustrative diagram facing this page. Footnote 84: PAVEMENTS ARRANGED IN THEIR APPROXIMATE ORDER OF DESIRABILITY FROM DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Economy Economy Durability Cleanli- Noiseless- Safety in in ness ness construction Repair ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Macadam Granite Granite Asphalt Wood Granite Asphalt Brick Wood Brick Macadam Macadam Brick Wood Brick Wood Brick Brick Wood Asphalt Asphalt Granite Asphalt Wood Granite Macadam Macadam Macadam Granite Asphalt ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Footnote 85: A common pretext is to allege that the lowest bidder is not a reliable contractor, or that he underpays his workmen, or that on some previous contract he failed to do a good job. Any such excuse is good enough for city officials who desire to favor their own friends at the public expense. City charters sometimes provide that contracts must be given to the lowest bidder, but a hard-and-fast requirement of this kind may sometimes lead to difficulties. Footnote 86: