[Footnote 441: The subject of the public baths at Rome properly belongs to the period of the Empire, and is too extensive to be treated in a chapter on the daily life of the Roman of Cicero's time. Public baths did exist in Rome already, but we hear very little of them, which shows that they were not as yet an indispensable adjunct of social life; but the fact that Seneca in the letter already quoted describes the aediles as testing the heat of the water with their hands shows (1) that the baths were public, (2) that they were of hot water and not, as later, of hot air (_thermae_). The latter invention is said to have come in before the Social war (Val. Max. ix. 1. 1.). Some baths seem to have been run as a speculation by private individuals, and bore the name of their builder (e.g. balneae Seniae, Cic. _pro Cael_. 25. 61). In summer the young men still bathed in the Tiber (_pro Cael_. 15. 36). At Pompeii the oldest public baths (the Stabian; Mau, p. 183) date from the second century B.C.] [Footnote 442: The tradition was that the paterfamilias originally also sat instead of reclining. See Marq. _Privatleben_, p. 292 note 3.] [Footnote 443: Columella, ii. 1. 19, a very interesting chapter; Plutarch, _Cato min_. 56.] [Footnote 444: Plut. _Lucullus_ 40; see above, p. 242.] [Footnote 445: Plut. _Quaest. Conv._ 1. 3 foll.; and Marq. p. 295.] [Footnote 446: Hor. _Sat_. i. 4. 86; cp. Cic. _in Pisonem_, 27. 67.] [Footnote 447: Cic. _de Senect_. 14. 46.] [Footnote 448: Lucilius, fragm. 30; 120 foll.; 168, 327 etc. Varro wrote a Menippean satire on gluttony, of which a fragment is preserved by Gellius, vi. 16.] [Footnote 449: See the interesting passage in _Cic. pro Murena_, 36. 75, about the funeral feast of Scipio Aemilianus.] [Footnote 450: Catull. 47. 5: "vos convivia lauta sumptuose De die facitis?"] [Footnote 451: 26. 65 foll; Hor. _Od_. iii. 19, and the commentators.] [Footnote 452: _ad Fam_. vii. 26, of the year 57 B.C. The sumptuary law must have been a certain lex Aemilia of later date than Sulla. (See Gell. ii. 24: "qua lege non sumptus cenarum, sed ciborum genus et modus praefinitus est.") This chapter of Gellius, and Macrob. iii. 17, are the safest passages to consult on the subject of the growth of gourmandism.] [Footnote 453: See Munro, _Elucidations of Catullus_, p. 92 foll.] [Footnote 454: Tibull. ii. 1. 51 foll. Cp. ii. 5. 83 foll. Several are also described by Ovid in his _Fasti_. A charming account of feste in a Tuscan village of to-day will be found in _A Nook in the Apennines_, by Leader Scott, chapters xxviii. and xxix.: a book full of value for Italian rural life, ancient and modern.] [Footnote 455: Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus_, p. 366. "Feriae" came in time to be limited to public festivals, while "festus dies" covered all holidays.] [Footnote 456: de Legibus, ii. 8. 19: cp. 12. 29.] [Footnote 457: Georg. i. 268 foll. Cato had already said the same thing: _R.R._ ii. 4.]