[Footnote 7: ‘Totems arose to distinguish cousins as such.’ This implies that the totem name was assigned to each group for a definite social purpose, the regulation of degrees of kin. But, on any feasible theory of the ‘totem’ it ‘came otherwise,’ and was only used as a mark of kinship _after_ it had come, just as a place name might have been used, had it been equally convenient. On the system of descent of the totem on the female side, A (man), an Emu, marries B (woman), a Kangaroo. Their sons and daughters are Kangaroos. C, one of the sisters, marries D, a Witchetty Grub, her children are Kangaroos. E, C’s brother, marries F, a Frog, _his_ children are Frogs, and may, as far as the totem rule goes, marry their cousins, C’s children, who are Kangaroos.--A. L.] [Footnote 8: _Studies in Ancient History_, McLennan, p. 269 _et seq._] [Footnote 9: The most distinctive feature to-day in the inter-relations of generations is a most strict ordinance to celibacy between members of different generations.] [Footnote 10: How can marriage be communal, granting Mr. Atkinson’s views about sexual jealousy?--A. L.] [Footnote 11: Where is sexual jealousy?--A. L.] [Footnote 12: Cf. Mr. Tylor, _J. A. I._ xviii. 3, 265, who expresses the same opinion.] APPENDICES APPENDIX A ORIGIN OF TOTEMISM In the following village sobriquets from the south-western counties of England the people are styled ‘eaters of’ this or that.[1] ENGLISH VILLAGE SOBRIQUETS Eaters Ashreigney -- Dog-eaters Morchard -- ‘Burd’-eaters Roseash -- Whitpot-eaters Sandford -- Cheese-eaters Moreton -- Tatie-eaters Paignton -- Pudding-eaters Churston -- Liver-eaters Compare with these the following sobriquets of Siouan old totem kins, counting descent in the male line. SIOUAN NAMES OF GENTES Eaters Eat the scrapings of hides Eat dried venison Eat dung Eat raw food Among the Sioux we have also noted the sobriquets _Non-Eaters of_ Deer Buffalos Swans Cranes Blackbirds, etc. These sobriquets of non-eaters are probably totemic: the Deer kin does not eat deer, nor does the Crane kin eat cranes, and so on. Totem kins are named from what they do not eat; many totem kins with male descent are nicknamed from what they do eat, or are alleged by their neighbours to eat. GROUP SOBRIQUETS IN ORKNEY. In the following letter, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Duncan Robertson, we read that, in Orkney and Shetland, local sobriquets are derived from what the people are alleged to eat. The tradition is, Mr. Robertson informs me, that each group is named after the edible plant or animal which it brought when engaged in building the Cathedral of Kirkwall. Crantit House, St. Ola, Orkney, Jan. 29, 1903.