The significant thing about value, then, from this functional point of view is its dynamic quality. Value is a _force_, a motivating force. But now we must revert to our original point of view,--the total situation. We have, by an analytical process, sundered subject and object, and then, within the subject, have discriminated phases which psychological analysis reveals. But in the course of activity, these elements are not discriminated. The value is, not in the subject, but in the _object_. The object is an embodiment of the force. It has power over us, over our actions. If the object be a person, we are under his control--to the extent of the value. If the object be a thing controlled by another person, we are subject to his control--to the extent of the value. I do not wish to be understood as picking out this abstract phase of value as the whole of the story, or thinking that it is possible for value to exist in this abstract form. Qualities are never separate. But I do contend that this is the essential and universal element in values, and that for an individual engaged in the active conduct of life, this aspect is so significant that it may often be the sole feature to engage his attention--because it is the sole feature that _need_ engage his attention for the activity to go on in harmony with his values. Here, then, is value "stripped for racing": _a quantity of motivating force, power over the actions of a man, embodied in an object_. All the other phases, in the course of the active experience itself, may be relegated to the sphere of the implicit. A necessary limitation has been definitely indicated in what has gone before, but, to avoid misunderstanding, it may be well to indicate it more explicitly. Not every form of impulse is to be counted a value. Every state of consciousness is motor, and tends to pass into action, even vague, undefined feelings, and half-conscious fancies. A value must have its organic presuppositions, as indicated before, and must be embodied in an _object_. The objects of value may be infinitely various: they may be economic goods, they may be persons, they may be activities, they may be other values, they may be ideal objects, the creatures of our imaginations, they may be social utopias or the Kingdom of Heaven. But there must be an object, and the value is a quality of the object. But, functionally, the essential thing about this value is its dynamic character. Values are positive and negative.[137] A "fearful sight" repels us, has a negative value, tends, to the extent of its strength, to make us withdraw. A bad act, an ugly woman, a cruel man,--here we have negative values. Little need be said further with reference to this point. They alike are motivating forces, the positive values attracting us, the negative values repelling us.