This residuum of _power_, backing up the conscious psychological factors, gets explicit recognition, even though no real explanation, at the hands of Gabriel Tarde,[161] to whose theory of social value we now turn. I quote chiefly from his _Psychologie Economique_, and the numerals which follow refer to pages in volume I. (63-64) Value understood in its largest sense, takes in the whole of social science. It is a quality which we attribute to things, like color,[162] but which, like color, exists only in ourselves.... It consists in the accord of the collective judgments ... as to the capacity of objects to be more or less, and by a greater or less number of persons, believed, desired, or admired. This quality is thus of that peculiar species of qualities which present numerical degrees, and mount or descend a scale without essentially changing their nature, and hence merit the name of quantities. There are three great categories of value: "_valeur-verite_," "_valeur-utilite_," and "_valeur-beaute_." To ideas, to goods (in a generic sense of the term), and to things considered as sources "_de voluptes collectives_," we attribute a truth, a utility, a beauty, greater or less. Quite as much as utility, beauty and truth are children of the opinion of the mass, in accord, or at war, with the reason of an _elite_ which influences it. (It may be noted in passing that Tarde's "trinitarian" conception of value is not as artificial as it seems. It is simply a method of classification, and there are many subdivisions under each head. Economic value, e.g., is a subspecies within the group of utility values--"goods" include "_pouvoirs_," "_droits_," "_merites_," and "_richesses_" (66). Our own conception is, of course, that values are thoroughly "pluralistic" as to their structure, and are "monistic" in their function.) (64) The greater or less truth of a thing signifies three things diversely combined: the greater or smaller number, the greater or less social importance ("_poids_," "_consideration_," "_competence_," "_reconnue_") of the people who believe it, and the greater or less intensity of their belief in it. The greater or less utility of an object expresses the greater or less number of people who desire it in a given society at a given time, the greater or less social "_poids_" ("_ici poids veut dire pouvoir et droit_") of the persons who desire it, and the greater or less intensity of their desire for it. And so with beauty.