Coupled with probation should often go fines and restitution to injured parties. In such cases, when the person is placed upon probation, the fine or restitution may often be paid in installments, and it has been found to have a decidedly reformatory effect upon the character of the offender. Fines without probation are, however, but little more than retribution, or exemplary punishment. _Delinquent Children._ The treatment of delinquent children constitutes a special problem in itself. It has recently come to be well recognized that criminal tendencies nearly always appear in childhood, and that if we can overcome these tendencies in the delinquent child, we shall largely prevent the existence of an habitual criminal class. Strictly speaking, of course, the child is a presumptive rather than a real criminal. The delinquent child is socially maladjusted and is scarcely ever to be considered an enemy of organized society. Delinquent children should be dealt with, therefore, as presumptive rather than as genuine criminals. In general, therefore, they should not be arrested, should not be put in jail with older offenders, and should be tried by a special court in which the judge representing the state plays the role of a parent. For the most part, delinquent children may be dealt with, as we have already seen by putting them upon probation under the care of proper probation officers. When the home surroundings are not good, such children may often be placed in families and their reformation more easily secured than if placed in institutions. In any case, they should never be sent to the reform school except as a last resort. The parent or guardian, also, should be held responsible for the delinquency of the child if he is contributory thereto by his negligence or otherwise. We may sum up this chapter, then, by repeating that the problem of crime is in no way an insoluble problem in human society, though, perhaps, a certain amount of occasional and accidental crime will always exist. The solution of the problem, as we have seen, only demands that man should secure the same mastery over his social environment and over human nature that he has already practically achieved over physical nature; and the gradual development of the social sciences will certainly make this possible some time in the future. SELECT REFERENCES _For brief reading:_ ELLIS, _The Criminal._ WINES, _Punishment and Reformation._ BOIES, _The Science of Penology._ _For more extended reading:_ BARROWS, _The Reformatory System in the United States._ BARROWS, _Children's Courts in the United States._ DRAHMS, _The Criminal._ FERRI, _Criminal Sociology._ MORRISON, _Crime and Its Causes._ MORRISON, _Our Juvenile Offenders._ PARMELEE, _Anthropology and Sociology in Relation to Criminal Procedure._ TRAVIS, _The Young Malefactor._ CHAPTER XIV SOCIALISM IN THE LIGHT OF SOCIOLOGY