EXAMPLE 1.--Japanese position in the late war. Ulterior object of the war (to drive Russians from Manchuria) was offensive (positive). Function or ulterior object of the fleet (to cover the invasion) was defensive (negative). Its primary object to effect this was to attack and destroy the Russian naval force. This was offensive (positive). EXAMPLE 2.--In the Spanish-American War the ulterior object of the war was (for the Americans) to eject the Spanish Government from Cuba. This was offensive. The ulterior object of the fleet was to prevent the Spaniards sending reinforcements or interfering with the intended American invasion. This was defensive. The primary object of the fleet was to bring the Spanish Fleet to action. This was offensive. SYSTEM OF OPERATIONS Having determined the nature of the war by the nature of its object (_i.e._, whether it is offensive or defensive and whether it is limited or unlimited), strategy has to decide on the system of operations or "plan of the war." This depends upon:-- (1) The theatre of the war. (2) The means at our disposal. 1. _Theatre of the War._--Usually defined as "all the territory upon which the hostile parties may assail each other." This is insufficient. For an island power the theatre of war will always include sea areas. Truer definition: "geographical areas within which lie the ulterior objects of the war and the subordinate objects that lead up to them." A "theatre of war" may contain several "theatres of operations." 2. _Theatre of Operations_.--Is generally used of the operations of one belligerent only. An "operation" is any considerable strategical undertaking. A "theatre of operations" is usually defined as embracing all the territory we seek to take possession of or to defend. A truer definition is, "the area, whether of sea or land or both, within which the enemy must be overpowered before we can secure the object of the particular operation." Consequently, since the nature of the war varies with the object, it may be defensive in one theatre of operations and offensive in another. Where the operations are defensive in character any special movement or movements may be offensive. OBJECTIVE An objective is "any point or force against which an offensive movement is directed." Thus where the _object_ in any theatre of operation is to get command of a certain sea in which the enemy maintains a fleet, that fleet will usually be the _objective_. LINES OF OPERATION A line of operation is "the area of land or sea through which we operate from our base or starting point to reach our objectives."