In view of the fact that most of the numerous ethnographic maps of the Balkan Peninsula are works of propaganda or else are copied from earlier works so that they often have no independent value, it is a not inessential precaution to consult the article by Haardt von Hartenturm, “Die Kartographie der Balkanhalbinsel im 19. Jht.,” in the _Mitteilungen des k. k. Militär-geographischen Instituts_, xxi, Vienna, 1901. The later maps are enumerated by Jovan Cvijić in his article, “Die ethnographische Abgrenzung der Völker auf der Balkanhalbinsel,” in _Petermanns Mitteilungen_, 1913 (i). This latter article is accompanied by the author’s own ethnographic map of the Peninsula, which represents the conclusions of the most eminent and one of the most moderate of Serbian scholars. Professor Cvijić has published another map of the same character in the _Geographical Review_, May, 1918. A large Bulgarian work obviously designed for propagandist purposes is the atlas of forty maps, accompanied by explanatory text, entitled _The Bulgarians in their Historical, Ethnographical, and Political Frontiers_, published at Berlin in 1917, in German, French, English, and Russian, by a group of scholars headed by D. Rizoff. (Cf. the critical observations on this work by Professor Beliċ, _Les Cartes ethnographiques au service de la propagande bulgare_. Paris, 1918.) A similar historic and ethnographic atlas for Roumania has been referred to in the bibliography for Chapter VII. The geography of the Peninsula is described by Jovan Cvijić, _La Péninsule balkanique, géographie humaine_, Paris, 1918; and Marion Newbigin, _Geographical Aspects of Balkan Problems in their Relation to the Great European War_, 2d impression, London, 1915. From the mass of excellent historical works dealing with the Balkans, one would commend especially: N. Forbes, A. J. Toynbee, D. Mitrany, and D. G. Hogarth: _The Balkans, a History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey_, Oxford, 1915; J. A. R. Marriott, _The Eastern Question, an Historical Study in European Diplomacy_, Oxford, 1917; R. W. Seton-Watson, The Rise of Nationality in the Balkans, London, 1917; and (Baron) L. H. C. Courtney (editor), _Nationalism and War in the Near East, by a Diplomatist_. Oxford, 1916. The aspirations, claims, and policy of Bulgaria have received their most moderate and candid presentation from “Historicus,” _Bulgaria and her Neighbors_, New York, 1917; and G. C. Logio, _Bulgaria: Problems and Politics_, New York, 1919. There is a fairly detailed map showing the new frontiers of Bulgaria as fixed by the treaty of Neuilly in the _Geographical Journal_, February, 1920. On the situation and claims of Greece, see Charles Vellay, _L’Irrédentisme hellénique_, Paris, 1913; and “Polybius,” _Greece before the Conference_, London, 1919.