[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Section from Petite Nation Seigniory to St. Jerome (60 miles). After Sir W. E. Logan. (_a b_) Upper Laurentian. (_c_) Fourth Gneiss. (_d´_) Third Limestone. (_d_) Third Gneiss. (_e´_) Second Limestone. (_x_) Porphyry. (_y_) Granite.] I cannot describe such rocks, but their names, as given in the section, Fig. 2, will tell something to those who have any knowledge of the older crystalline materials of the earth's crust. To those who have not, I would advise a visit to some cliff on the lower St. Lawrence, or the Hebridean coasts, or the shore of Norway, where the old hard crystalline and gnarled beds present their sharp edges to the ever raging sea, and show their endless alternations of various kinds and colours of strata, often diversified with veins and nests of crystalline minerals. He who has seen and studied such a section of Laurentian rock cannot forget it. The elaborate stratigraphical work of Sir William Logan has proved that these old crystalline rocks are bedded or stratified, and that they must have been deposited in succession by some process of aqueous action. They have, however, through geological ages of vast duration been subjected to pressure and chemical action, which have, as stated in a previous chapter, much modified their structure, while it is also certain that they must have differed originally from the sands, clays and other materials laid down in the sea in later times. It is interesting to notice here that the Laurentian rocks thus interpreted show that the oldest known portions of our continents were formed in the waters. They are oceanic sediments deposited perhaps when there was no dry land, or very little, and that little unknown to us, except in so far as its _débris_ may have entered into the composition of the Laurentian rocks themselves. Thus the earliest condition of the earth known to the geologist is one in which old ocean was already dominant on its surface; and any previous condition when the surface was heated, and the water constituted an abyss of vapours enveloping its surface, or any still earlier condition in which the earth was gaseous or vaporous, is a matter of mere inference, not of actual observation. The formless and void chaos is a deduction of chemical and physical principles, not a fact observed by the geologist. Still we know, from the great dykes and masses of igneous or molten rock which traverse the Laurentian beds, that even at that early period there were deep-seated fires beneath the crust; and it is quite possible that volcanic agencies then manifested themselves, not only with quite as great intensity, but also in the same manner, as at subsequent times. It is thus not unlikely that much of the land undergoing waste in the earlier Laurentian time was of the same nature with recent volcanic ejections, and that it formed groups of islands in an otherwise boundless ocean.