[1] _This and seventeen illustrations immediately following are reproduced by permission of Truman G. Palmer, Esq., Secretary of the United States Beet Sugar Industry, Washington, D. C._ [2] _This and the three illustrations immediately following are after photographs by A. Moscioni, Esq._ [3] _This and the five illustrations immediately following are after photographs by the American Photo Co., Habana._ [4] Spain. [5] Ed. Yule, II, 208-212. [6] _Geschichte des Zuckers_, p. 89. [7] Kazwini, I, 262. [8] 610-641 A. D. [9] See _Greece under the Romans_, by George Finlay, LL.D., page 338; “The sixth campaign opened with the Roman army in the plains of Assyria, and after laying waste some of the largest provinces of the Persian empire, Heraclius marched through the country to the east of the Tigris and captured the palace of Dastargerd, where the Persian monarchs had accumulated the greater part of their enormous treasure in a position always regarded as secure from any foreign enemy.” [10] In Morocco. [11] Important village of the province of Kūzistān. [12] Latāif, page 107. [13] B. 571-D. 632 A. D. [14] Amr-ibn-el-Ass. [15] _Marchpane_, a sweetmeat made of sweet almonds and pounded sugar. [16] _Encyclopædia Britannica_, Vol. XII, p. 826, gives 1506 as date of introduction of sugar in Santo Domingo. _Encyclopædia Britannica_, Vol. XXVI, p. 44, says sugar carried to Santo Domingo in 1494. [17] _Encyclopædia Britannica_, XXII, p. 658. [18] O. S. [19] _Quar. Jour. of Economics_, Vol. XVII, p. 1. [20] The excess of import duty over the domestic revenue tax. [21] When exported, of course. [22] Roy G. Blakey, Ph. D. _The United States Beet Sugar Industry and the Tariff_, Columbia University, 1912. [23] Actual production in sugar. [24] Mark = 23.8 cents U. S. coin. [25] Ruble = 51 cents. [26] Pood = 36.07 pounds. [27] Six francs and five and one-half francs, respectively, per 100 kilograms. [28] Surface, G. T., _Story of Sugar_, p. 115. [29] _Hardwick Committee Hearings_, 62nd Congress, 1st Session, p. 767. [30] Truman G. Palmer. [31] Blakey. [32] Professor George W. Shaw says, 1877: _The California Industry_, Sacramento, 1903, page 11. [33] Secretary of Agriculture, 61st Congress, 1st Session, Sen. Doc. 22, p. 8. [34] Closed. [35] Height of these mountains taken from U. S. Geodetic Survey, March, 1915. [36] Geerligs, _World’s Cane Sugar Industry_, p. 345. [37] Cleveland, Richard J., _Narrative of Voyages and Commercial Enterprises_, Cambridge, 1843. [38] Anderson, Rufus, _The Hawaiian Islands_, Boston, 1864. [39] Jarves, James Jackson, _History of the Sandwich Islands_, Honolulu, 1872. [40] _Overland Monthly_, June, 1895, p. 620.