In a cane-sugar refinery no sulfitation of the liquor takes place, and in a beet factory there is no char filtration for removal of color and impurities in the liquor. These two points constitute the main difference in the methods of making white sugar from the cane and the beet in the United States. In Europe, however, many factories make a raw beet sugar, which is subsequently refined with the aid of bone-char. [Illustration: _By permission of Truman G. Palmer, Esq._ WEIGHING, FILLING AND SEWING BAGS IN A BEET FACTORY] [Illustration: _By permission of Truman G. Palmer, Esq._ CATTLE FEEDING ON BEET PULP] FORMATION OF GRAIN The formation of the crystallized grain and its progress through the vacuum pans, centrifugals, driers, granulators and screens, and into the bags in the packing room, is identical with the process in a cane refinery, which has already been described. STEFFEN PROCESS In some of the beet factories the sugar left in the final molasses is extracted by what is known as the Steffen process. The final low-purity molasses is diluted with water and cooled to a very low temperature, after which finely powdered lime is constantly added to the solution at a uniform and slow rate. The sugar combines with the lime and a saccharate of lime is formed which is insoluble in the liquid. The suspended matter or saccharate is then separated and washed in filter presses. The cake from these filter presses, which is the saccharate of lime, is mixed with sweet water to a consistency of cream and takes the place of milk of lime in the carbonation process. When the Steffen process is employed, about ninety per cent of the sugar originally in the beet is extracted. The loss of sugar that does take place is accounted for in the exhausted cossettes or pulp, in the pulp water which surrounds them when they are dumped from the diffusion cells, in the cake and wash waters from the carbonation presses and in the waste and wash waters from the Steffen process. As the water used in washing the saccharate press cake is rich in fertilizing qualities, it is used for irrigating the lands adjoining the factory.