The celebrated comparative anatomist, John Müller, imitated the action of the vocal chords by means of bands of India-rubber. He closed the open end of a glass tube by two strips of this substance, leaving a slit between them. On urging air through the slit, the bands were thrown into vibration, and a musical tone produced. Helmholtz recommends the form shown in Fig. 108, where the tube, instead of ending in a section at right angles to its axis, terminates in two oblique sections, over which the bands of India-rubber are drawn. The easiest mode of obtaining sounds from reeds of this character is to roll round the end of a glass tube a strip of thin India-rubber, leaving about an inch of the substance projecting beyond the end of the tube. Taking two opposite portions of the projecting rubber in the fingers, and stretching it, a slit is formed, the blowing through which produces a musical sound, which varies in pitch, as the sides of the slit vary in tension. § 17. _Vowel Sounds_ The formation of the vowel sounds of the human voice excited long ago philosophic inquiry. We can distinguish one vowel sound from another, while assigning to both the same pitch and intensity. What, then, is the quality which renders the distinction possible? In the year 1779 this was made a prize question by the Academy of St. Petersburg, and Kratzenstein gained the prize for the successful manner in which he imitated the vowel sounds by mechanical arrangements. At the same time Von Kempelen, of Vienna, made similar and more elaborate experiments. The question was subsequently taken up by Mr. Willis, who succeeded beyond all his predecessors in the experimental treatment of the subject. The true theory of vowel sounds was first stated by Sir C. Wheatstone, and quite recently they have been made the subject of exhaustive inquiry by Helmholtz. You will find little difficulty in comprehending their origin. Mounted on the acoustic bellows, without any pipe associated with it, when air is urged through its orifice, a free reed speaks in this forcible manner. When upon the frame of the reed a pyramidal pipe is fixed, you notice a change in the sound; and by pushing my flat hand over the open end of the pipe, the similarity between the sound produced and that of the human voice is unmistakable. Holding the palm of the hand over the end of the pipe so as to close it altogether, and then raising the hand twice in quick succession, the word “mamma” is heard as plainly as if it were uttered by an infant. For this pyramidal tube I now substitute a shorter one, and with it make the same experiment. The “mamma” now heard is exactly such as would be uttered by a child with a stopped nose. Thus, by associating with a vibrating reed a suitable pipe, we can impart to the sound the qualities of the human voice.