Whence, then, does this arise? Why should the smaller ratio express the more perfect consonance? The ancients attempted to solve this question. The Pythagoreans found intellectual repose in the answer “All is number and harmony.” The numerical relations of the seven notes of the musical scale were also thought by them to express the distances of the planets from their central fire; hence the choral dance of the worlds, the “music of the spheres,” which, according to his followers, Pythagoras alone was privileged to hear. And might we not in passing contrast this glorious superstition with the grovelling delusion which has taken hold of the fantasy of our day? Were the character which superstition assumes in different ages an indication of man’s advance or retrogression, assuredly the nineteenth century would have no reason to plume itself, in comparison with the sixth B.C. A more earnest attempt to account for the more perfect consonance of the smaller ratios was made by the celebrated mathematician, Euler, and his explanation, if such it could be called, long silenced, if it did not satisfy, inquirers. Euler analyzes the cause of pleasure. We take delight in _order_; it is pleasant to us to observe means “co-operant to an end.” But then, the effort to discern order must not be so great as to weary us. If the relations to be disentangled are too complicated, though we may see the order, we cannot enjoy it. The simpler the terms in which the order expresses itself, the greater is our delight. Hence the superiority of the simpler ratios in music over the more complex ones. Consonance, then, according to Euler, was the satisfaction derived from the perception of order without weariness of mind. But in this theory it was overlooked that Pythagoras himself, who first experimented on the musical intervals, knew nothing about rates of vibration. It was forgotten that the vast majority of those who take delight in music, and who have the sharpest ears for the detection of a dissonance, are in the condition of Pythagoras, knowing nothing whatever about rates or ratios. And it may also be added that the scientific man, who is fully informed upon these points, has his pleasure in no way enhanced by his knowledge. Euler’s explanation, therefore, does not satisfy the mind, and it was reserved for an eminent German investigator of our own day, after a profound analysis of the entire question, to assign the physical cause of consonance and dissonance—a cause which, when once clearly stated, is so simple and satisfactory as to excite surprise that it remained so long without a discoverer.