As regards our present subject, the strings of Corti’s organ probably play an especially important part. That one string should respond, in some measure, to another, it is not necessary that the unison should be perfect; a certain degree of response occurs in the immediate neighborhood of unison. Hence each of two strings, not far removed from each other in pitch, can cause a third string, of intermediate pitch, to respond sympathetically. And if the two strings be sounded together, the beats which they produce are propagated to the intermediate string. So, as regards Corti’s organ, when single sounds of various pitches, or rather when vibrations of various rapidities, fall upon its strings, the vibrations are responded to by the particular string whose period coincides with theirs. And when two sounds, close to each other in pitch, produce beats, the intermediate Corti’s fibre is acted on by both, and responds to the beats. In the middle and upper portions of the musical scale the beats are most grating and harsh when they succeed each other at the rate of 33 per second. When they occur at the rate of 132 per second, they cease to be sensible. The perfect consonance of certain musical intervals is due to the absence of beats. The imperfect consonance of other intervals is due to their existence. And here the overtones play a part of the utmost importance. For, though the primaries may sound together without any perceptible roughness, the overtones may be so related to each other as to produce harsh and grating beats. A strict analysis of the subject proves that intervals which require large numbers to express them are invariably accompanied by overtones which produce beats; while in intervals expressed by small numbers the beats are practically absent. The graphic representation of the consonances and dissonances of the musical scale, by Helmholtz, furnishes a striking proof of this explanation. The optical illustration of the musical intervals has been effected in a very beautiful manner by Lissajous. Corresponding to each interval is a definite figure, produced by the combination of its vibrations. The compounding of vibrations has, of late years, been beautifully illustrated by apparatus constructed by Sir C. Wheatstone, Mr. Herbert Airy, and Mr. A. E. Donkin; and by the beautiful pendulum apparatus of Mr. Tisley, of the firm of Tisley and Spiller. The pressure which, on a former occasion, prevented me from adding a “summary” to this chapter, was also the cause of hastiness, and partial inaccuracy, in its sketch of the theory of Helmholtz. That the sketch needed emendation I have long known, but I did not think it worth while to anticipate the correction here made; as the chapter, imperfect as it was, had been published, without comment, in Germany, by Helmholtz himself. APPENDICES APPENDIX I ON THE INFLUENCE OF MUSICAL SOUNDS ON THE FLAME OF A JET OF COAL-GAS. BY JOHN LE CONTE, M.D.[82]