The cities which fell into the enemy’s hands were destroyed, and their prisoners, who had been reduced to terrible straits, were so numerous that almost each Araucanian family had one to its share. As ransom was permitted, many escaped from captivity. Others, induced by the love of their mixed offspring, preferred to remain with their conquerors. The valiant Paillamachu only survived till the following year, 1603. The towns which he destroyed have never been rebuilt;[R] their scanty ruins are his monument. Thus ended, as regarded its permanent results, the Araucanian War of Independence, exemplifying, if ever a war did, the sentiment contained in the lines:-- “Freedom’s battle once begun, Bequeath’d by bleeding sire to son, Though baffled oft, is ever won.” NOTE.--Chapters VIII., XII., XIII., and XIV. of vol. I. are founded on-- “History of _Chili_;” by the _Abbé Don_ J. Ignatius Molina. Longman. 1809. On “_Historia General y Natural de las Indias_;” by Oviedo. And on “Historical Relation of _Chili_;” by Ovalle. CHAPTER XV. _BRAZIL._ 1570-1622. [Sidenote: 1578.] The growth of the colony of _Brazil_ had been so rapid during the fourteen years’ able administration of Mem de Sa that it was now thought advisable to divide its territory into two governments, _S. Sebastian_, or _Rio de Janeiro_, being the capital of the second government, which was to include all the settlements to the south of that place. This subdivision, however, was not found convenient, and at the end of two years the southern government was made subordinate to the northern. At this precise period the succession to the crown of Portugal was in dispute; and Philip II. of Spain, one of the claimants, offered the entire Brazilian colonies, with the title of King, to the Duke of Braganza, which offer, however, was not accepted.