Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528-1543.: The Narrative of Alvar Nunez Cabeca de Vaca. The Narrative of the Expedition of Hernando De Soto by the Gentleman of ElvasNúñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar, active 16th century
History
Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528-1543.: The Narrative of Alvar Nunez Cabeca de Vaca. The Narrative of the Expedition of Hernando De Soto by the Gentleman of Elvas
Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar, active 16th century
America -- Discovery and exploration -- Spanish; Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 1510-1554; Florida -- History -- To 1565; Indians of North America; Soto, Hernando de, approximately 1500-1542
They all differ in their habitations, towns and tongues. There is a
language in which calling to a person, for "look here" they say "Arre
aca," and to a dog "Xo."[154] Everywhere they produce stupefaction
with a smoke, and for that they will give whatever they possess.
They drink a tea made from leaves of a tree like those of the oak,
which they toast in a pot; and after these are parched, the vessel,
still remaining on the fire, is filled with water. When the liquor
has twice boiled, they pour it into a jar, and in cooling it use the
half of a gourd. So soon as it is covered thickly with froth, it is
drunk as warm as can be supported; and from the time it is taken
out of the pot until it is used they are crying aloud: "Who wishes
to drink?" When the women hear these cries, they instantly stop,
fearing to move; and although they may be heavily laden, they dare do
nothing further. Should one of them move, they dishonor her, beating
her with sticks, and greatly vexed, throw away the liquor they have
prepared; while they who have drunk eject it, which they do readily
and without pain. The reason they give for this usage is, that when
they are about to drink, if the women move from where they hear the
cry, something pernicious enters the body in that liquid, shortly
producing death. At the time of boiling, the vessel must be covered;
and if it should happen to be open when a woman passes, they use no
more of that liquid, but throw it out. The color is yellow. They are
three days taking it, eating nothing in the time, and daily each one
drinks an arroba and a half.[155]
[154] In the 1542 edition, as given by Mrs. Bandelier, "Among
them is a language wherein they call men _mira aca_, _arraca_,
and dogs _xo_." Compare _háka_, "sit down," in Karankawa
(Gatschet, _Karankawa Indians_, Cambridge, Mass., 1891, p. 80).
In the above it would appear as if the Spanish _mira_ had been
regarded as a part of the Indian exclamation.
[155] The tree from which the so-called "black drink" is made
is _Ilex cassine_, and the custom of preparing and partaking
of the liquid (known also as Carolina tea) was general among
the tribes of the South, including the Gulf coast. The drink
was known among the Catawbas as _yaupon_, among the Creeks as
_ássi-lupútski_, the latter signifying "small leaves," commonly
abbreviated _ássi_, whence the name of the celebrated Seminole
chief _Osceola_, _i.e._, "Black-drink Hallooer," or "Black-drink
Singer." The partaking of the black drink was an important part
of the _puskita_, or _busk_, ceremony among the Creeks.
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