The question of the relationship between general intelligence and ability to draw has also been investigated by Manuel, who took the IQ of each of his talented subjects by means of Stanford-Binet. These were pupils in elementary school, high school, and college. This means of measuring general intelligence was ill adapted to its purpose in the case of the college students and, also, probably in the case of many of the high school students among his subjects, as the scale will not measure the intelligence of very superior adolescents and adults. Because of its limitations, the most intelligent adult in the world cannot show an IQ of more than about 120 on it. Therefore some of Manuel’s older subjects may have been much more intelligent than appears on the record. The range of intelligence among those talented in drawing may be even greater than the record shows. The tests as they stand show that superior ability in drawing may accompany any degree of general intelligence from very superior to very inferior. “We conclude therefore that a certain elementary ability in graphic representation, such as is required for success in elementary school drawing, is independent, or partially independent, of general intelligence.” It should be stated that presence of talent in drawing in the case of these individuals was determined in part by testimony of teachers of art, and in part by two tests, (1) the drawing of a house from memory, and (2) the drawing of a wooden cart from the object. Both of these would be classified as _representative drawings_. Where representative drawing has been isolated for study in relation to general intelligence, no results contradictory to the conclusions stated above have been reported. Earlier investigators had declared that great talent for graphic expression is closely connected with good intellectual endowment in children, but that “the reverse of this does not hold true.” This conclusion will probably be shown to be well founded in future researches carried out by modern test methods. “Great talent” includes much more than mere ability to “see and make” an object. As Manuel says, “Before one gets very far in art expression, a great number of supplementary factors must be brought to the support of the ability to represent graphically simple objects. Even the technique itself becomes progressively more difficult.... General intelligence conditions the ability of drawers (_a_) to acquire the advanced technique into which conceptual factors enter, and (_b_) to create original drawings of merit.” Manuel also gave tests of linguistic ability in the course of his study and found no essential relationship between ability to draw and ability to manage words. “Linguistic ability is no index of ability or lack of ability in graphic representation,” but linguistic ability correlates well with general intelligence (as has been previously emphasized in this volume).