The bark of the larger or coarser shoots cannot be quilled and is removed in thick pieces. When mixed with the bark of the prunings and with those sticks which do not peel well it is known as chips. It brings a low price on the market and is used for grinding; and, although it does not have the delicate flavor of the quilled, what is lacking in delicacy is made up in pungency and, therefore, in many cases, it is preferred. Chips bring so low a price in the market that they may be purchased by the miller of spices and sold in the pure powdered state at a price much below what he can sell the bark at. This fact may account in a measure for prices given in the table in chapter II, page 7, on adulteration. The exporting of cinnamon chips is carried on by the planters to a great extent and at a great detriment to themselves. By doing this there is shortsightedness on their part, as the chips are bought by the miller at a low price in place of the high-priced bark, which necessarily must partly go begging for a market. Thus, the more valuable product so depreciates as to leave but little profit for the grower; his margin of profit is so small that he does not give his cinnamon grove proper attention and many times cuts it for wood. If the planter would distill his waste pruning and coarse chips for the oil which they contain he would be well paid for his labor. [Illustration: BATAVIA] [Illustration: SAIGON 3223, COCHINCHINE—Saïgon Avenue devant is Palais du Lieutenant Gouverneur] The cultivators of cinnamon give employment to a large number of people, several thousand being now engaged in the cultivation of the trees and the preparation of the bark. The pruning immediately follows the cutting and consists in cutting out all wood of more than two years’ growth and reducing all stumps left too high and removing all weak and crooked shoots and superfluous branches. This waste material, with the weeding, is buried near the outer roots, as it is found that organic matter is an excellent fertilizer for cinnamon, as the shoots reach out in all directions and permeate the decaying matter and so bring much benefit to the tree. It will not do to raise a mound around the base of the trunk, as the roots are thereby forced against their natural course and throw themselves into the mound. When this is once done they must be allowed to remain, as any disturbance would injure the tree. When the Ceylon cinnamon tree becomes too old to produce good growth it is cut down and the bark removed from the larger branches and the trunk, and is called mate cinnamon. Although the finest bark is obtained from the cultivated trees there is much bark obtained from the uncultivated, of which C. multiflorum and C. ovalufolium are used for purposes of adulteration.