Cloves are ground on common burr stone, but great care must be taken in grinding since they contain so much oil. The best powdered cloves present a rich meal of reddish-brown color and are a good preventive of moths, but they deteriorate very rapidly. The natives of China and India use cloves to flavor their rice; the oil is also used for medicinal purposes. Cloves, stems, and leaves are shipped in large quantities from Zanzibar for adulterating the powdered clove and are called “vikunia”; by the native, “swahil”; French, “griffers de girofle,” “peduncles de girofle”; Italy, “fustiand bastoreni”; Latin, “stiptes caryophylli.” They form a dull, gray-colored powder and yield only 5 to 6 per cent. of volatile oil, and, of course, have only a corresponding percentage of the strength or value of the true clove (the root yields 0.04 per cent.). On account of their near appearance in color and flavor to the powdered clove, and particularly for their cheapness, they are much sought for by the miller of spices, as he can thus sell his mixture at a price much below the market value of the true powdered clove. This adulterant may be easily detected by the microscope, which will reveal their thick-walled, hard, flinty stone cells and long, yellow, fibrous tissue, as similar structures are not found in the cloves in such abundance. The fruit of the clove, if added, contains starch granules, which are not present in the meal of the leaves and stems. Often the essential oil is pressed from the whole cloves and they are then rubbed in oil between the hands and mixed with cloves which drop from the trees; both are then mixed with good cloves, and all are sold as prime stock. They are, however, easily detected by their pale color and shrunken appearance and lack of pungency. On one occasion several bags of artificial whole cloves arrived in London from Zanzibar, neatly manufactured by machinery from soft deal wood stained a dark color and soaked in a solution of essence of cloves to give them the required scent. Upon investigation it was found that this manufactured article had been imported into Zanzibar from America. A great many flowers of plants contain the flavor or perfumes of cloves. Among these are the flowers of the lettsomia bana-nox, called by the natives of Bangal “kulmiluta.” The flowers which are produced in rainy seasons are large and pure white, expanding at sunset with a strong flavor of cloves, but they wither at sunrise. Sometimes the flower buds of Dicypellium caryophyllatum of Brazil, which has a bark called clove cassia, are used as substitute for cloves (also called Brazilian clove bark).