These may be either plain, medicated, or nutritive. For the two first-named purposes, either warm or cold water may be used, the amount varying with the effect it is desired to produce. To empty the lower end of the bowel, from half to three pints will be found sufficient for most sporting dogs. A little salt, soft soap, and glycerine, will increase the activity of the clyster. A chronic, torpid condition of the lower end of the bowel is best overcome by injecting about half a teacupful of cold water into it every morning, at the same time allowing plenty of exercise and a soft diet, such as oatmeal, or wet bread and meat. In diarrhœa, dysentery, etc., good results are often obtained by giving a cold boiled-starch clyster. About four tablespoonfuls will be enough at a time. When it is desirable to administer nourishment by the rectum, it is necessary to wash out the lower end of the bowel with a warm-water clyster, before injecting the nutritive medium. The yolk of an egg, a dessertspoonful of brandy, and a teaspoonful of sulphuric ether makes a useful, sustaining enema. Another good injection is a couple of teaspoonfuls of salt, dissolved in half a pint of tepid water, then injected. Loss of blood, etc., can often be made up by the use of this saline injection. FOMENTATIONS For many purposes fomentations are superior to poultices, the chief difficulty being in keeping up the heat to the desirable standard. A pad of thick flannel should be planned, and this soaked in boiling water, then wrung dry in a roller. To assist in maintaining the heat, a piece of mackintosh sheeting ought to be put over the pad, and a dry flannel above all. For difficult breathing, pain in the belly, or local pain, etc., moist warmth is exceedingly beneficial, and quite harmless under any circumstances. In animals, it is a general custom to bathe the seat of disease with the hot water. Perseverance is essential to success, and more harm results from hot fomentations applied in a half-hearted manner than where they are not used at all. BLISTERING Beyond the application of mustard, turpentine, or hot water, blistering agents are not much employed in the treatment of canine ailments. As a remedy for external use in diseases of the bronchial tubes and lungs, mustard has not, in the author's opinion, any superior. It can be used either as a paste applied directly to the skin, or in combination with boiled linseed poultices. In long-haired dogs it is advisable to clip off some of the hair, so as to facilitate the full counter-irritant properties of the mustard. It requires very little rubbing in, and it is not advisable to repeat the application, unless specially called for. TUMOURS AND WARTS A multiplicity of morbid growths are liable to occur in dogs, some of these growths being of a very simple nature, others of a malignant or recurrent order. By far the commonest are warty growths upon lips, tongue, and generative organ.