[1] Passaglia, p. 206. [2] 1 Cor. i. 12; iii. 22; ix. 5: xv. 5. [3] Passaglia, p. 124-6. [4] S. Chrys. in 1 Cor. Hom. 3, n. 2. Theodoret on text. [5] 2 Cor. viii. 23; Rom. xvi. 7. [6] John vii. 5. [7] In 1 Cor. Hom. 21. n. 2. [8] Passaglia, p. 208. [9] Gal. i. 16-19. [10] Theodoret and Chrysostome on the text, and on John, Hom. 88. [11] De Praesc. c. 23. [12] Comm. in Gal. i. 18. Mai nova collectio. Tom. 3. [13] Ambrosiaster and S. Jerome on the text. [14] S. Thomas Cant. Epist. Lib. i, 97. [15] An argument has been drawn by some against S. Peter's primacy from S. Paul here placing S. James first. Now as to this we must remark that some most ancient manuscripts, and the original Latin version, read "Peter, and James, and John," and that this is followed by Tertullian, Chrysostome, Ambrose, Ambrosiaster, Augustine, Theodoret, Jerome, Irenaeus, Gregory of Nyssa, and Cassiodorus, of whom Jerome is the more important, in that he had studied so many ancient commentaries before writing his own. But supposing that the vulgar reading is the true one, Peter's being once placed by S. Paul between S. James and S. John will not counterbalance the vast positive evidence for his primacy. Those who wish to see the probable reasons why S. James was here placed first, may consult Passaglia, b. 1, c. 14, who treats of the question at length. Perhaps S. Paul, narrating historically a past incident, recalled them to his recollection _in the order of time_, in which they received him: and S. James, residing constantly at Jerusalem, might very probably have seen him first. [16] S. Chrys. in Gal. c. 2. [17] Comm. on Gal. ii. 7, 8. [18] Baron. Ann. A.D. 51. Sec. 29. S. Leo. Serm. 4. [19] Acts xiii. 2. [20] Hom. on, I resisted Him to the face, n. 15. [21] Ambrosiaster on Gal. ii. 14. [22] Epist. inter. Augustin. 75, n. 8. [23] Passaglia, p. 217. [24] 2 Pet. iii. 16. [25] S. Jerome. [26] Ad. Ann. 51, Sec. 32. [27] S. Jerome on Gal. ch. 2. [28] Homily on the text, I resisted him to the face, n. 8, Tom. 3, p. 368. [29] Passaglia, p. 232. [30] De Praese. c. 24. [31] Cyprian, Ep. 71. [32] Ep. 82, n. 22. [33] Passaglia, p. 240. [34] Hom. on text, n. 17. CHAPTER VII. S. PETER'S PRIMACY INVOLVED IN THE FOURFOLD UNITY OF CHRIST'S KINGDOM. The doctrine[1] of S. Paul has brought us to a most interesting point of the subject, what, namely, is the principle of unity in the Church. A short consideration of this will shew us how the office of S. Peter enters into and forms part of the radical idea of the Church, so that the moment we profess our belief in one holy Catholic Church, the belief is likewise involved in that Primacy of teaching and authority which makes and keeps it one.