Stellar atmospheres : $b A contribution to the observational study of high temperature in the reversing layers of starsPayne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia
Science
Stellar atmospheres : $b A contribution to the observational study of high temperature in the reversing layers of stars
Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia
Astrophysics; Stars -- Spectra; Stars -- Temperature; Thesis (Ph. D.)
The table that follows contains the material derived from the measures
enumerated in Chapter VIII, and from other sources, bearing on the
intensity differences between giants and dwarfs of the same spectral
class. All the available estimates have been used. Successive columns
give the line, the atom, the predicted behavior, and the observed
difference in the sense giant-dwarf, for the Classes , ,
, , , and . The symbols , , and
, following the atom, denote ultimate, neutral, and enhanced
lines, respectively. The number of stars contributing to each entry
will be seen from the list on p. 119, Chapter VIII. The notation is as
follows: 0 = no change; ± 0 = between 0 and 1; ± 1 = between 1 and 2; ±
2 = between 2 and 3; and so on. The values for are taken from
Menzel’s measures[423] of Indi and Tauri, “the
scale of intensities being (0) no difference, (1) a little stronger
[Pg 149]
(2) much stronger, (3) very much stronger.” The signs from Menzel’s
table are reversed, in accordance with the notation used in the
present table. In the column headed are the signs indicating
the direction in which the corresponding lines are affected in that
class,[424] for which quantitative measures have not been published.
The letters “” and “” in the column headed refer to
strengthening or weakening of lines, as observed by Baxandall[425] in
a comparison of the solar spectrum with that of Capella. Baxandall’s
estimates are inserted to supplement the present material. The numerous
gaps in the table result from the difficulty of seeing the fainter
lines in the dwarf spectrum.
TABLE XXIV
Line
Element
Predicted Effect
Observed Effect
-
0
+
3933
Ca+
*
+1
..
..
..
..
0?
+
3944
Al
u
..
..
+0
+
-2
..
..
..
-
3953
Fe
n
()
..
+0
+
-2
..
..
..
..
3961
Al
u
..
..
+0
+
-2
..
..
..
-
3968
Ca+
*
+1
..
-1
..
..
0?
+
3999
Ti
u
..
..
+0
..
-1
..
..
..
..
4005
Fe
n
..
..
+0
..
0
..
..
..
..
4031
Mn
u
..
..
-2
-1
-1
..
..
0
..
4041
Mn
n
..
..
-1
-1
-2
..
..
-0
..
4046
Fe
n
..
..
-1
-1
0
-1
-1
-2
..
4064
Fe
n
..
..
-1
-2
..
+2
0
-2
..
4068
FeMn
n
..
..
-1
..
..
+1
-1
..
..
4072
Fe,-
n
..
..
0
+4
..
..
-1
-2
..
4077
Sr+
*
0
0
+1
s
0
+3
+
4084
Fe
n
..
..
-1
+1
0
0
..
..
..
4101
H
n
..
..
-1
-1
+1
-4
0
-1
+
4132
Fe
n
..
..
0
+2
+1
..
+0
-1
..
4135
Fe
n
..
..
-1
..
0
..
+0
..
..
4144
Fe
n
..
..
-1
0
+2
0
+0
-1
..
4167
?
-1
..
-1
-1w
0
..
..
[Pg 150]
4172
Fe+
*
+1
+1
+3
+1
+0
..
..
4177
Fe+
*
+1
..
+2
..
..
..
..
4215
Sr+
*
0
0
+2
+3
+0
+1
+
4227
Ca
u
..
..
-1
-1
0
-2
-0
-2
-
4247
Sc+
*
..
0
..
+1
..
+1
..
..
4250
Fe
n
..
..
0
-2
-1
-2
-1
-2
..
4254
Cr
u
..
..
-1
..
-1
-1
-1
-1
..
4260
Fe
n
..
..
-1
-2
-1
-2
..
-1
-
4272
Fe
n
..
..
-1
-2
..
0
+0
-1
..
4275
Br
u
..
..
-1
..
..
0
+0
-1
..
4290
Cr
u
..
..
0
-2
0
..
+0
-1
..
4298
Ti, Ca
..
..
-1
-2
0
..
0
..
..
4308
Fe
n
..
..
0
+1
0
..
..
-1
..
4315
Fe+
*
..
0
+1
+2
..
..
..
..
4321
Sc+
*
..
+1
..
..
s
..
..
..
4326
Fe
n
..
..
0
+1
+1
-2w
0
-2
..
4340
H
n
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