[21] _Geschichte,_ bk. v. chs. ii. and vi. [22] Letter of January 2, 1778, _Opere,_ Rome, 1787 (reprinted Milan, 1836), ii. pp. 315-316. [23] _Opere,_ i. p. 206. [24] _Riflessioni sulla bellezza e sul gusto della pittura,_ in _Opere,_ i. pp. 95, 100, 102-103. [25] _Opere,_ i. p. 197. [26] _Ibid._ p. 161. [27] _Ibid._ p. 206. [28] Laokoon, § 2. [29] Op. cit. §§ 23, 24. [30] Hamburg. Dramaturgie (ed. Göring, vols. xi. and xii.), passim, esp. Nos. 11, 18, 24, 78, 89. [31] _Laokoon,_ appendix, § 31. [32] _Op. cit._ §§ 22, 23. [33] _Op. cit. ad fin._ p. 268. [34] _Dell' arte di vedere nelle belle arti del disegno secondo i principi di Sulzer e di Mengs,_ Venice, 1871. [35] D'Azara, in Mengs, _Opere,_ i. p. 168. [36] _Investigaciones filosóficas sobre la belleza ideal, considerada como objeto de todas las artes de imitación,_ Madrid, 1789. [37] _Ricerche su le bellezze della pittura_ (Ital. trans., Parma, 1804); cf. D'Azara, _Vita del Mengs,_ in _Opere,_ i. p. 27. [38] _Saggio sopra la bellezza,_ dated "Grottaferrata, July 14, 1764," and published at Rome, 1765, anonymously. [39] _Saggio,_ esp. §§ 3, 12, 15, 17, 19, 34. [40] _Über das Kunstschöne,_ in the review _Die Horen,_ 1797; cf. Hegel, _Vorles. ii. Ästh._ i. p. 24; and Zimmermann, _Gesch. d. Ästh._ pp. 356-357. [41] Goethe, _Der Sammler und die Seinigen_ (in _Werke,_ ed. Goedecke, vol. xxx.) VIII IMMANUEL KANT [Sidenote: _I. Kant._] Of all these writers, Winckelmann and Mengs, Home and Hogarth, Lessing and Goethe, none was a philosopher in the true sense of the word: not even those who like Meier laid claim to the title, nor those who had some gifts for philosophy like Herder or Hamann. After Vico, the next European mind of real speculative genius is Immanuel Kant, who now comes before us in his turn. [Sidenote: _Kant and Vico._] That Kant took up the problem of philosophy where Vico laid it down (not, of course, in a directly historical, but in an ideal, sense) has already been noted by others.[1] How far he made an advance upon his predecessor and how far he failed to reach the same level it is not here our business to inquire; we must confine ourselves strictly to the consideration of Æsthetic questions.