There are certain abnormal constituents of urine, of which the two most important are _albumen_ and _sugar_. The former is found only when there is some disturbance of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder, and its presence usually denotes some change in the cells lining the urinary tract. It may occur in congestion of the kidney as well as in disease. Sugar is found only in _diabetes_, the amount varying with the severity of the disease. In _jaundice_ certain bile pigments are present in the urine, giving it a dark brown color and to the foam a greenish-yellow color. Even normal urine has some sediment upon standing, consisting of cells from the urinary tract and mucus. In very acid urine after standing a heavy sediment, whitish or pinkish, _i.e._, brick dust, in color, is thrown down. It does not necessarily denote disease, but shows the urine is acid and concentrated. In _alkaline urine_ there is a sediment due to phosphates. _Rupture_ of the kidney occurs but is not so serious as rupture of the liver or spleen because the kidney is situated outside of the peritoneum. It necessitates the removal of the kidney, however, and when for any reason one kidney is removed the other increases in size and does double work to compensate for the loss. Removal of both kidneys means death. Sometimes the kidney becomes loose and moves about, a condition known as _floating kidney_. _Perinephritic abscess_ is abscess in the loose fatty tissue about the kidney. [Illustration: FIG. 61.--The urinary organs viewed from behind.] =The Ureters=, one for each kidney, are tubes the size of a goose quill and about fourteen inches long, extending from the hilum of the kidney to the base of the bladder. They have three _coats_, an internal mucous, a muscular, and an external fibrous coat, this last being continuous with the cortex of the kidney and the fibrous tissue of the bladder. In the female the ureters may be felt through the wall of the vagina as they come into the bladder. In tubercular disease of one kidney the ureter becomes inflamed and enlarged and through the vagina feels almost like a lead pencil, a sure diagnostic sign.