I. _Simple titles_, that have no other object than that of indicating the subject matter of the book. These are, as we have just seen, the only kind of titles known to antiquity. The few books which the Gaonim left us bear such simple titles as could have served as models to later generations. Among them may be mentioned the _Halachoth_ or collection of Laws, _Creeds and Opinions_, by R. Saadiah Gaon, the _Book on Buying and Selling_, by R. Hai Gaon, containing the laws relating to commercial transactions. It may be noticed that this last book is one of the best arranged in Jewish literature, and displays more systematising powers than even the Code of Maimonides. The greatest part of the literary activity of the Gaonim consists in their Responsa, in which they gave decisions on ritual questions, or explanations of difficult passages in the Talmud. The titles borne by the various collections of those Responsa belong to a period later than the author’s. The great majority of the books produced by the Franco‐German school may also be included in this class. They are termed “Commentaries,” “Additions” or “Glosses,” “Novellæ,” or “Confirming Proofs,” and similar modest titles which show both their relation to, and dependence on, another older authority. The largest collection of Midrashim we possess bears the simple title “Bag.”(228) Many of the Responsa satisfy themselves with the words “Questions to, and Answers by.” II. _Titles taken from the first word with which the book begins_, or from the first word of the Scriptural verse occurring first in the book. This class is strongly represented by the Midrashim. Thus the Midrash to the Song of Songs is also quoted as the Midrash _Chazitha_,(229) “Midrash, Seest thou” (the first text with which this Midrash deals being Proverbs xxii. 28). The Midrash to the Psalms is called Midrash _Shocher Tob_,(230) “Midrash, He that diligently seeketh the good” (Prov. xi. 37). The Midrash containing the legendary story of the wars of the sons of Jacob with the Canaanites is quoted as Midrash _V’yisseu_,(231) “Midrash, And they journeyed,” as the story begins with the verse from Gen. xxxv. 5. And this is the case with the titles of many other Midrashim. Whether the work cited under the strange name of _Meat on Coals_ did not begin with those words, containing some law relating to the salting of meat, I do not venture to decide. Under this class we may also arrange those books that are called after a phrase which is often used in the book, _e.g._, the Midrash _Yelamdenu_ (He may teach us), or the _Vehizhir_, “And He commanded us,” almost every paragraph in these books beginning with the phrases mentioned.(232) Probably all the books belonging to this class received from the hands of their authors or compilers no titles at all. The student who had to quote them gave them names after the phrase or word which first caught his eye. In later centuries this class disappears