3 בעל שם, “The Master of the Name,” a term usually applied to exorcists, who cast out devils and performed other miracles through adjuration by the name of God (or angels). The unbelieving Rabbis maintained indeed that in his exorcisms Baalshem employed “impure names” (of devils), whilst the Chassidim, on the other hand, declared that their Master never used “names” at all, his miracles being performed by the divine in Baalshem to which all nature owes obedience. Occasionally the Chassidim call him בעל שם תוב (The Man of Good Name), in allusion to Eccles. vii. 1, shortened by some into _Besht_. 4 בית המדרש—“House of Research” or of “study” (of the Law), but in which also divine service is held thrice a day. 5 תלמיד הכם—“Disciple of the Wise,” the usual title of a scholar or student. 6 A Jewish sect, so called after their founder Jacob Leibovicz Frank, who was himself one of the apostles of the pseudo‐Messiah Shabbethai Tsebi of Smyrna in Turkey. Among his other doctrines he taught also a sort of Trinity, consisting of the Holy Ancient One, the Holy King or the Messiah, and a feminine person in the Godhead, in which he, like his master, represented the Second Person. The sect ultimately abolished the Law, and, after many controversies with the Rabbinic Jews, went over to Catholicism, the dominant religion in Poland, by which they were soon absorbed. Eybeschütz, chief Rabbi of Prague and Hamburg, was suspected by Emden to be a secret adherent of Shabbethai Tsebi, which was tantamount to apostasy from Judaism. Eybeschütz protested. The litigants excommunicated each other, and the Rabbis divided into two camps, taking sides either with Emden or with his antagonist. 7 The works of Maimonides or Moses b. Maimon (1135‐1204) are too many to be enumerated here. The most important are the _Guide of the Perplexed_ (מורה נבוכום) and his _Compendium of the Law_ (משנה הורה). Judah Hallevi or Abul Hassan flourished in the first half of the twelfth century. He is well known as a poet by his _Divan_ and as a deep religious thinker by his _Cusari_. The former contains also many songs of a secular nature. Isaac Alfasi (died 1103) is best known by his Compendium of the Talmud, which was so greatly admired by his contemporaries that they declared it could never have been composed “without the aid of the Holy Spirit.” R. Solomon b. Isaac, also called by his initials Rashi (1040‐1105), is well known by his commentaries on the Bible and the Talmud. 8 רבי רבינו. 9 ספר, _Sepher_. 10 The Hebrew word is פלפול, meaning subtle discussion and sharp distinction. The word is closely related to פלפל or פלפלא, which means “pepper” or “seasoning.”