[133] Plate XXX _b_, from the French Guy de Chauliac MS. in the Bristol Reference Library, folio 25 recto. The MS. dates from between the years 1420 and 1435; cp. Norris Mathews, _Early Printed Books and MSS. in the Bristol Reference Library_, Bristol, 1899, p. 70; J. A. Nixon, ‘A New Guy de Chauliac MS.’, in _Transactions of the XVIIth Internal. Cong. of Med., Sect. of Hist. of Med._, London, 1914, p. 419; and Charles Singer, ‘The Figures of the Bristol Guy de Chauliac MS. _circa_ 1430’, _Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of the History of Medicine_, 1917, vol. x, pp. 71-91. The figure shows a professor and pupil. The former is demonstrating the bones of a skeleton. [134] The number of female criminals being less than the number of male criminals, Ludovico Frati states (_La vita privata di Bologna dal secolo XIII al XVII_, Bologna, 1900, pp. 116-18) that only two anatomies _in all_ were held each year, and thirty students admitted to the female and twenty to the male dissection. This would mean far less than _two dissections a year for each student_ of over two years’ standing. [135] The anatomical works of Leonardo have now been rendered accessible in _Tredici Foglie delta Royal Library di Windsor. Leonardo da Vinci, Quaderni d’anatomia ... Pubblicati da O. C. L. Vangensten, A. Fonahm, H. Hopstock_, Christiania, 1911, &c. [136] Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio only studied surface anatomy, so far as is known. For a summary of the anatomical work of these painters see M. Duval and E. Cuyer, _Histoire de l’Anatomie plastique_, p. 20, Paris, 1898. [137] It has been suggested that Giammatteo Ferrari da Grado (Matthaeus de Gradibus), who was professor of Medicine at Pavia 1432-72, made original contributions to anatomy. He wrote no separate work on anatomy, but his observations on the ovaries (which he was perhaps the first to call by that name) appear in his _Practica_, Milan, 1471, and in his _Expositiones super vigesimam secundam Fen tertii canonis Avicennae_, Milan, 1494. An interesting account of Ferrari’s life and work is given by his descendant, H. M. Ferrari, in _Une Chaire de Médecine au XV^{e} siècle; Un professeur a l’université de Pavie de 1432 à 1472_, Paris, 1899. In this work the claim that De Gradibus was an original and independent observer is effectively disposed of. [138] At least six Western copies of this series, besides three or more of oriental origin, have now been detected. The Western MSS. and their dates are as follows: (_a_) Munich, Hof- und Staatsbibliothek, Cod. lat. monacensis 13002, before 1158. (_b_) Munich, Hof- und Staatsbibliothek, Cod. lat. monacensis 17403, _circa_ 1250. (_c_) Bodleian Library, MS. Ashmole 399, _circa_ 1290. (_d_) Dresden, Kgl. Öffentl. Bibliothek, Codex 310, before 1323. (_e_) Bodleian Library, MS. e Museo 19, before 1344. (_f_) Library of Count F. Zdenho von Lobkowicz in Raudnitz, of 1399.