[197] The so-called _Anatomia Richardi Anglici_, which has been printed by Robert Ritter von Töply (Vienna, 1902), is really the same as the pseudo-Galenic _Anatomia vivorum_, to which Richard’s name was not attached until the fourteenth century. See Christoph Ferckel, _Archiv für die Gesch. der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik_, vol. vi, p. 78, Leipzig, 1912, and K. Sudhoff, _Archiv für Gesch. der Medizin_, vol. viii, p. 71, Leipzig, 1915. [198] E. Nicaise, _La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac_, p. 45, Paris, 1890. [199] J. Pagel, _Die Anatomie des Heinrich von Mondeville_, Berlin, 1889, p. 37. [200] For the whole question of early figures of the eye consult K. Sudhoff, ‘Augenanatomiebilder im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert’ in his _Illustrationen medizinischer Handschriften und Frühdrucke_. Leipzig, 1907; and the same writer’s recent article on ‘Augendurchschnittsbilder aus Abendland und Morgenland’ in _Archiv für Gesch. der Medizin_, vol. viii, p. 1, Leipzig, 1915. [201] Our figure from the _Margarita philosophiae_ has been taken from the 1503 edition, the earliest to which we have had access. A figure in the _Philosophiae naturalis compendium_ of K. Peyligk, dated Leipzig, 1489, is so inferior as to be negligible in this connexion. [202] W. Harvey, _Prelectiones anatomiae universalis_, reproduced in facsimile from the author’s MS. notes, London, 1886, folio 72 recto. [203] W. Harvey, _Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis_, Frankfort, 1628. The opening passage of the dedication to Charles I may be translated as follows: ‘Most serene king, the heart of animals is the basis of their life, the sun of their microcosm, that from which all strength proceeds. The king is in like manner the basis of his kingdom, the sun of his world, the heart of the commonwealth, whence all power derives, all grace appears.’ [204] _Historia animalium_, vi. 3. [205] _Historia animalium_, ii. 11; _De Partibus animalium_, iii. 4. [206] _Historia animalium_, i. 14 and iii. 3; _De Partibus animalium_, iii. 4. The question of the identity of these chambers is a difficult one. We have followed T. E. Lones, _Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science_, London, 1912, p. 137, where the conflicting views are summarized. [207] Galen, Περὶ ἀνατομικω̑ν ἐγχειρήσεων, Book 7 (157); καὶ θαυμαστὸν οὐδέν, ἄλλα τε πολλὰ κατὰ τὰς ἀνατομὰς ᾽Αριστοτέλη διαμαρτει̑ν, καὶ ἡγει̑σθαι τρει̑ς ἔχειν κοιλίας ἐπὶ τω̑ν μεγάλων ζώων τὴν καρδίαν, Kühn, ii. 62. [208] Haly Abbas expressly denies its existence, chap. 21. [209] P. Koning, _Trois traités d’anatomie arabes_, Leyden, 1903, 687, renders the passage as follows: ‘Dans le cœur il y a trois cavités, deux grandes et une autre qui se trouve pour ainsi dire au milieu, afin que le cœur ait un dépôt pour la nourriture avec laquelle il se nourrit, nourriture épaisse et forte, semblable à la substance du cœur, ensuite un endroit où se forme un pneuma qui y est engendré d’un sang subtil et enfin un canal entre ces deux.’