[Illustration: Fig. 2. Title-page of Mellerstadt’s edition of the _Anatomy_ of Mondino, Leipzig, 1493. The scene is laid in the open air.[131]] [Illustration: Fig. 3. A DISSECTION SCENE From the Venice 1495 edition of ‘Ketham’ (compare Plate XXVII).] [Illustration: Fig. 4. From the English translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 1495. The first picture of dissection in an English-printed book.] [Illustration: VENETIIS ANNO .D. M.CCCCC.XXXV. Fig. 5. A LECTURE ON ANATOMY From the 1535 Venice edition of Berengar of Carpi’s Commentary on Mondino.] Sometimes the professor changes places with the reader at the desk. In some later MSS. the teacher is figured as himself handling the body and demonstrating to his pupil (Plate XXX _a_[132] and _b_[133]), but there is evidence that the miniatures portraying this are the work of artists unfamiliar with dissection and with the teaching of anatomy. The study of anatomy had to contend with two great difficulties, want of subjects for dissection, and faith in the written word. Thus, at Bologna, where it was arranged that every medical student of over two years’ standing should attend an _Anatomy_ once a year, no less than twenty students were admitted to see the anatomy of each man, and thirty to the anatomy of each woman.[134] This was all the practical instruction received. Some other Universities had to be content with the cadaver of a single criminal per annum for the whole body of students. In the _first_ period during which the human body was dissected in Europe, the thirteenth century, a certain amount of progress was certainly made, despite the rarity of subjects. The rebirth of learning in the thirteenth century was not, however, as favourable to anatomical progress as might have been hoped. Galen, indeed, ceased to be a mere name, and the Latin translations of his text, or of its adumbra in the writings of the Arabians, became ever more familiar. On the other hand, with more authoritative texts in their hands, men were but the more inclined to follow the evil scholastic way, and to trust rather to the written words of the master than to the evidence of their own senses. Thus it came about that the _second_ period, which covers the fourteenth and most of the fifteenth century, was really stationary so far as the first-hand knowledge of anatomy was concerned. With the last decade of the fifteenth century, however, there opens a new and _third_ period in the history of our subject. From that time dates the true era of anatomical renaissance, which may be regarded as continuing until the commencement of modern anatomy with the great work of Vesalius in 1543. [Illustration: Plate XXXI. From the MS. of GUY DE VIGEVANO of 1345 at CHANTILLY] [Illustration: Plate XXXII. From the MS. of GUY DE VIGEVANO of 1345 at CHANTILLY]