[318] "Augenkrankheiten bei Masturbanten," Knapp-Schweigger's _Archiv für Augenheitkunde_, Bd. II, 1882, p. 198. [319] Salmo Cohn, _Uterus und Auge_, 1890, pp. 63-66. [320] _Fonctions du Cerveau_, 1825, vol. iii, p. 337. [321] W. Ellis, _Treatise on Insanity_, 1838, pp. 335, 340. [322] Clara Barrus, "Insanity in Young Women," _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, June, 1896. [323] See, for instance, H. Emminghaus, "Die Psychosen des Kindesalters," Gerlandt's _Handbuch der Kinder-Krankheiten_, Nachtrag II, pp. 61-63. [324] Christian, article "Onanisme," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales_. [325] Näcke, _Verbrechen und Wahnsinn beim Weibe_, 1894, p. 57. [326] J.L.A. Koch, _Die Psychopathischen Minderwertigkeiten_, 1892, p. 273 et seq. [327] J.G. Kiernan, _American Journal of Insanity_, July, 1877. [328] Maudsley dealt, in his vigorous, picturesque manner, with the more extreme morbid mental conditions sometimes found associated with masturbation, in "Illustrations of a Variety of Insanity," _Journal of Mental Science_, July, 1868. [329] See, e.g., Löwenfeld, _Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_, 2d. ed., Ch. VIII. [330] Marro, _La Pubertà_, Turin, 1898, p. 174. [331] E.C. Spitzka, "Cases of Masturbation," _Journal of Mental Science_, July, 1888. [332] Charles West, _Lancet_, November 17, 1866. [333] Gowers, _Epilepsy_, 1881, p. 31. Löwenfeld believes that epileptic attacks are certainly caused by masturbation. Féré thought that both epilepsy and hysteria may be caused by masturbation. [334] Ziemssen's _Handbuch_, Bd. XI. [335] _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 441. [336] See a discussion of these points by Rohleder, _Die Masturbation_, pp. 168-175. [337] The surgeons, it may be remarked, have especially stated the harmlessness of masturbation in too absolute a manner. Thus, John Hunter (_Treatise on the Venereal Disease_, 1786, p. 200), after pointing out that "the books on this subject have done more harm than good," adds, "I think I may affirm that this act does less harm to the constitution in general than the natural." And Sir James Paget, in his lecture on "Sexual Hypochondriasis," said: "Masturbation does neither more nor less harm than sexual intercourse practiced with the same frequency, in the same conditions of general health and age and circumstances." [338] It is interesting to note that an analogous result seems to hold with animals. Among highly-bred horses excessive masturbation is liable to occur with injurious results. It is scarcely necessary to point out that highly-bred horses are apt to be abnormal.