[48] E.g., Letourneau, _L'Evolution de la Morale_, p. 146. [49] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 683. [50] J.R. Forster, _Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World_, 1728, p. 395. [51] Westermarck (_History of Human Marriage_, Ch. IX) ably sets forth this argument, with his usual wealth of illustration. Crawley (_Mystic Rose_, p. 135) seeks to qualify this conclusion by arguing that tattooing, etc., of the sex organs is not for ornament but for the purpose of magically insulating the organs, and is practically a permanent amulet or charm. [52] _Iliad_, II, 262. Waitz gives instances (_Anthropology_, p. 301) showing that nakedness is sometimes a mark of submission. [53] The Celtic races, in their days of developed barbarism, seem to have been relatively free from the idea of proprietorship in women, and it was probably among the Irish (as we learn from the seventeenth century _Itinerary_ of Fynes Moryson) that the habit of nakedness was longest preserved among the upper social class women of Western Europe. [54] A.B. Ellis, _Tshi-Speaking Peoples_, p. 280. [55] Burnet, _Life and Death of Rochester_, p. 110. [56] _L'Année Sociologique_, seventh year, 1904, p. 439. [57] Tallemont des Réaux, who began to write his _Historiettes_ in 1657, says of the Marquise de Rambouillet: "Elle est un peu trop délicate ... on n'oscrait prononcer le mot de _cul_. Cela va dans l'excès." Half a century later, in England, Mandeville, in the Remarks appended to his _Fable of the Bees_, refers to the almost prudish modesty inculcated on children from their earliest years. [58] In one of its civilized developments, this ritualized modesty becomes prudery, which is defined by Forel (_Die Sexuelle Frage_, Fifth ed., p. 125) as "codified sexual morality." Prudery is fossilized modesty, and no longer reacts vitally. True modesty, in an intelligent civilized person, is instinctively affected by motives and circumstances, responding sensitively to its relationships. [59] _Memoires de Madame d'Epinay_, Part I, Ch. V. Thirty years earlier, Mandeville had written, in England, that "the modesty of women is the result of custom and education." [60] Goncourt, _Histoire de la Société Française pendant le Directoire_, p. 422. Clothes became so gauze-like, and receded to such an extent from the limbs, that for a time the chemise was discarded as an awkward and antiquated garment. [61] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1901, Heft 2, p. 179. [62] In the rural districts of Hanover, Pastor Grashoff states, "even when natural necessities are performed with the greatest possible freedom, there is no offence to modesty, in rural opinion." But he makes a statement which is both contradictory and false, when he adds that "modesty is, to the country man in general, a foreign idea." (_Geschlechtlich-Sittliche Verhältnisse im Deutsche Reiche_, vol. ii, p. 45.)