At Samoa kissing was smelling.[215] In New Zealand, also, the _hongi_, or nose-pressing, was the kiss of welcome, of mourning, and of sympathy.[216] In the Malay archipelago, it is said, the same word is used for "greeting" and "smelling." Among the Dyaks of the Malay archipelago, however, Vaughan Stevens states that any form of kissing is unknown.[217] In Borneo, Breitenstein tells us, kissing is a kind of smelling, the word for smelling being used, but he never himself saw a man kiss a woman; it is always done in private.[218] The olfactory kiss is thus seen to have a much wider extension over the world than the European (or Mediterranean) tactile kiss. In its most complete development, however, it is mainly found among the people of Mongolian race, or those yellow peoples more or less related to them. The literature of the kiss is extensive. So far, however, as that literature is known to me, the following list includes everything that may be profitably studied: Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_; Ling Roth, "Salutations," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, November, 1889; K. Andree, "Nasengruss," _Ethnographische Parallelen_, second series, 1889, pp. 223-227; Alfred Kirchhoff, "Vom Ursprung des Küsses," _Deutsche Revue_, May, 1895; Lombroso, "L'Origine du Baiser," _Nouvelle Revue_, 1897, p. 153; Paul d'Enjoy, "Le Baiser en Europe et en Chine," _Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_, Paris, 1897, fasc. 2. Professor Nyrop's book, _The Kiss and its History_ (translated from the Danish by W.F. Harvey), deals rather with the history of the kiss in civilization and literature than with its biological origins and psychological significance. FOOTNOTES: [196] E. Selous, _Bird Watching_, 1901, p. 191. This author adds: "It seems probable indeed that the conferring a practical benefit of the kind indicated may be the origin of the caress throughout nature." [197] Tylor terms the kiss "the salute by tasting," and d'Enjoy defines it as "a bite and a suction"; there seems, however, little evidence to show that the kiss contains any gustatory element in the strict sense. [198] Compayre, _L'Evolution intellectuelle et morale de l'enfant_, p. 9. [199] Mantegazza, _Physiognomy and Expression_, p. 144. [200] G. Stanley Hall, "The Early Sense of Self," _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 361. [201] In some parts of the world the impulse persists into adult life. Sir S. Baker (_Ismailia_, p. 472) mentions licking the eyes as a sign of affection. [202] _Book of Common Prayer in Manx Gaelic_, edited by A.W. Moore and J. Rhys, 1895. [203] L. Hearn, _Out of the East_, 1895, p. 103. [204] See, e.g., A.B. Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples_, p. 288. Among the Swahili the kiss is practiced, but exclusively between married people and with very young children. Velten believes they learned it from the Arabs. [205] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii, p. 245.