Love of display, luxury and idleness 42.1 Bad family surroundings 23.8 Seduction in which they were innocent victims 11.3 Lack of employment 9.4 Heredity 7.8 Primary sexual appetite 5.6 (Woods Hutchinson, "The Economics of Prostitution," _American Gynæcologic and Obstetric Journal_, September, 1895; _Id., The Gospel According to Darwin_, p. 194.) In Italy, in 1881, among 10,422 inscribed prostitutes from the age of seventeen upwards, the causes of prostitution were classified as follows: Vice and depravity 2,752 Death of parents, husband, etc. 2,139 Seduction by lover 1,653 Seduction by employer 927 Abandoned by parents, husband, etc. 794 Love of luxury 698 Incitement by lover or other persons outside family 666 Incitement by parents or husband 400 To support parents or children 393 (Ferriani, _Minorenni Delinquenti_, p. 193.) The reasons assigned by Russian prostitutes for taking up their career are (according to Federow) as follows: 38.5 per cent. insufficient wages. 21. per cent. desire for amusement. 14. per cent. loss of place. 9.5 per cent. persuasion by women friends. 6.5 per cent. loss of habit of work. 5.5 per cent. chagrin, and to punish lover. .5 per cent. drunkenness. (Summarized in _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Nov. 15, 1901.) 1. _The Economic Causation of Prostitution_.--Writers on prostitution frequently assert that economic conditions lie at the root of prostitution and that its chief cause is poverty, while prostitutes themselves often declare that the difficulty of earning a livelihood in other ways was a main cause in inducing them to adopt this career. "Of all the causes of prostitution," Parent-Duchâtelet wrote a century ago, "particularly in Paris, and probably in all large cities, none is more active than lack of work and the misery which is the inevitable result of insufficient wages." In England, also, to a large extent, Sherwell states, "morals fluctuate with trade."[164] It is equally so in Berlin where the number of registered prostitutes increases during bad years.[165] It is so also in America. It is the same in Japan; "the cause of causes is poverty."[166]