Two answers can be given to this. In the first place, the berries are so numerous on every plant that there is but a very small chance of the smaller and less conspicuous berry-spots catching the eye of a bird before the true berries; and, secondly, the latter, although beginning to turn red when the caterpillars are feeding, do not completely ripen till the autumn, when the leaves are shed, and the yellowish-red clusters of berries can be seen at a distance. The caterpillar, however, pupates long before this time. I have considered this case in such detail because it appears to me of special importance. It is the only instance which teaches us that the rows of ring-spots of the _Deilephila_ larvæ proceed from one original pair--the only instance which permits of the whole course of development being traced to its origin. Were it possible to arrive at the causes of the formation of these spots, their original or primary significance would thereby be made clear. I will now briefly summarise the results of the investigation of the biological value of the _Deilephila_ ring-spots. In the known species of the genus now existing these spots have different meanings. In some species (certainly in _Galii_, and probably in _Euphorbiæ_ and _Mauritanica_) the conspicuous ring-spots serve as signals of distastefulness for certain enemies (not for all). In a second group of species they serve as a means of alarm, like the eye-spots of the _Chærocampa_ larvæ (_Nicæa_? light form of _Galii_?). Finally, in a third group, of which I can at present only cite _Hippophaës_, they act as an adaptive resemblance to a portion of a plant, and enhance the efficacy of the protective colouring. 5. _Subordinate Markings._--If, from the foregoing considerations, it appears that the three chief elements of the Sphinx-markings--longitudinal and oblique stripes, and spot formations--are not purely morphological characters, but have a very decided significance with respect to their possessors, there should be no difficulty in referring the whole of the markings of the _Sphingidæ_ to the action of natural selection, supposing that these three kinds of marking were the only ones which actually occurred. In various species, however, there appear other patterns, which I have comprised under the term “subordinate markings,” some of which I will select, for the purpose of showing the reasons which permit of their being thus designated.