"Without exertion, by energy of mind he sways the universe of things. "That he abides forever in the same state, without movement, or change from place to place, is evident. "But mortals fancy that gods come into being like themselves, and have their senses, voice, and body. But, of a truth, if oxen or lions had hands, and could draw with their hands, and make what men make, then horses like unto horses, and oxen like unto oxen, would both paint the images of gods, and shape their bodies also after the similitude of their own limbs. "Homer and Hesiod attributed to gods everything that is disgraceful and blameworthy among men, and very many lawless deeds of gods they recorded--theft, adultery, and mutual deceit." Another set of scattered fragments, small in number and meagre in their information, from the poem by Xenophanes on #physis#, show that he held the views afterwards developed by Parmenides concerning the uncertainty of human opinion, and that the elemental substances which he favored in his cosmogonical theory were earth and water. These also I have translated: "For all of us from earth and water sprang. "Earth and water are all things that come into being and have birth. "The spring of water is the sea. "This upper surface of the earth beneath our feet is open to the sight, and borders on the air; but the lower parts reach down into infinity. "What we call Iris, that also is a cloud, purple-dark, scarlet-bright, yellow-pale to look upon. "The very truth itself no man who hath been or will be can know concerning gods and all whereof I speak; for though he publish the most absolute, yet even so he does not know: opinion is supreme o'er all things. "These things are matters of opinion, shadows of the truth. "Not from the beginning did gods reveal all things to mortals; but in course of time by seeking they make progress in discovery." The essential weakness of the Eleatic way of thinking was not glaringly apparent, though implicit, in the utterance of Xenophanes. This consisted in the unreconciled antithesis between the world of unity, of true being, of rational thought, and the world of multiplicity, of phenomenal appearance, of opinion. By pushing the tenets of his master to their logical conclusions, and by exchanging theological for metaphysical phraseology, Parmenides, the greatest teacher of the school, exposed the fatal insufficiency of Eleatic dualism. At the same time he achieved an ever-memorable triumph in philosophy by forcing the problem of essential reality upon the earliest Greek speculators, and by defining the battle-ground of future ontological controversy.