Studies on Epidemic Influenza: Comprising Clinical and Laboratory InvestigationsUniversity of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine
History
Studies on Epidemic Influenza: Comprising Clinical and Laboratory Investigations
University of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine
Influenza; Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919
The discovery by Pfeiffer of the hemophilic character of the bacillus
found by him in cases of influenza opened up a new group of
micro-organisms known as the hemophilic bacteria. Davis (1915) has laid
particular stress on the group character of these bacilli, and the more
they are studied the more clear does it become that there are several
distinct members. The B. influenzæ is by far the most important as well
as the most frequently found of the group and is considered as the type
organism.
All these bacteria require for their growth the presence of some form of
hemoglobin. The actual amount necessary may be very small, and Davis
suggested that it may have a catalytic action. A great deal of work has
been done in attempts to discover just what portions of the hemoglobin
are necessary to bring about this phenomenon. In our discussion on media
for the influenza bacillus we will briefly describe some of the various
hemoglobin preparations that have been used successfully. It must at
this point be emphasized that blood is very useful in many media to
stimulate the growth of a great variety of bacteria, and the transfers
made from such luxuriantly growing cultures may grow very poorly or not
at all on ordinary media, and this might easily lead to erroneous
conclusions on the hemophilic character of the organisms studied. There
are certain bacteria which grow so much better on media containing blood
that such media are sometimes necessary for their isolation, although
after a few transfers they will grow on ordinary media. This is true for
bacillus pertussis, and throughout the literature a good deal of
confusion has arisen in not recognizing this temporary hemophilic
character of certain bacteria. The true hemophilic bacteria do not grow
except in the presence of hemoglobin in some form or other. The problem
becomes almost academic when we consider the small amounts of hemoglobin
that are necessary. Davis has shown that a dilution of 1 in 180,000 is
sufficient, and in the interesting discussion between Cantani and Ghon
and Preyss it was demonstrated that hematin or other hemoglobin product
was necessary in the agar before B. influenzæ would grow in the presence
of other bacteria, and that this hematin could be derived from the blood
in the meat which was used in making the basic infusion.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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