Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3: I. Prolegomena II. Achæis; or, the Ethnology of the Greek RacesGladstone, W. E. (William Ewart)
History
Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3: I. Prolegomena II. Achæis; or, the Ethnology of the Greek Races
Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart)
Civilization, Homeric; Epic poetry, Greek -- History and criticism; Homer
And it is abundantly clear, from the remainder of the passages, that
the name Hellas had already, in Homer’s time, begun to bear a more
extended sense.
In proof of this, let us take, firstly, the two passages in which it
stands alone. In Il. ix. 444-8, Phœnix tells us that nothing would
induce him to quit Achilles; no, not even if the gods, brushing off
his old age, were to make him young and vigorous again, such as he was
when first he left Hellas, the land of fair women, flying from his
feud with his father Amyntor. Now this passage absolutely proves that
the word Hellas was used by Homer, at least occasionally, for some
limited district, and not (as in after times) for the entire country;
inasmuch as Phœnix could not otherwise have said he _left_ Hellas on
this occasion. But on the other hand it demonstrates, that the limits
of Hellas were not so narrow, as the passages heretofore considered
might permit us to suppose. For Phœnix goes on to describe the cause
of quarrel; and (478-80) says he took his course _through_ broad
open Hellas, and came _into_ fertile Phthia, to Peleus the king. The
supposition most consistent with the wording of these passages is, that
Phthia comprised the principal district of the dominions of Peleus,
while a portion of them may have fallen (as we elsewhere see was
perhaps the case) under the name of Hellas: but they absolutely place
the abode of Amyntor outside the realm of Peleus; and therefore, in
saying that Phœnix left Hellas, and that he fled from his home through
Hellas, they imply necessarily that Hellas, the region from which he
fled, was, in part at least, outside of that realm to which he fled.
But these passages will harmonise perfectly with each other, and with
those formerly examined, if we suppose that Hellas meant the whole of
Northern Greece generally, but that a particular portion of it had been
more definitely stamped with the name of Phthia, as the chief seat of
Peleus and the Myrmidons. For then the original abode of Phœnix might
be in Hellas, as he says (in ix. 447) that it was: and yet he would
pursue his way through Hellas, as he says (ibid. 478) that he did: and
he would also leave Hellas, namely by coming into Phthia: and moreover
the dominions of Peleus might go beyond what was commonly known by the
particular designation of Phthia, and might include some portion of
Hellas, as, from Il. ii. 683, they evidently did.
This supposition is recommended to us, not only by its conforming to
all the requisite conditions, and furnishing a convenient construction
for all the passages we have examined, but by the fact that Phthia, and
Phthia alone, is commonly mentioned in the poem as the home of Achilles
and the Myrmidons: which shows that they had a more special relation to
the territory known by that name, than to Hellas.
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